English Tongue Twisters for ESL Students

Tongue twisters are short, memorable lines that are difficult to pronounce, especially rapidly, because of alliteration or a slight variation of consonant sounds, and are especially useful in pronunciation when focusing on related phonemes, or sounds. In other words, there are several s sounds such as sh, z and tch, and a tongue twister focuses on the minor changes in the mouth required to move between these sounds. By changing back and forth a number of times to the different sounds, students can improve their knowledge of the specific physical movements required for that particular phoneme set. Learning a tongue twister employs musical intelligence, which is one of the multiple intelligences of learners. Another example of this type of learning includes grammar chants. These types of exercises  build up muscle memory related to speech, making it easier to recall later. Fun but Not Necessarily Accurate Tongue twisters are lots of fun, but they often dont make much sense, so its important to warn students before introducing them to tongue twisters that theyre not meant to be learning guides for using proper grammar. Rather, they should be used for exercising pronunciation muscles. For instance, in the old nursery rhyme tongue twister called Peter Piper, the content of the story may make sense in terms of narrative, but the phrase Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, doesnt actually work because you cannot pick already pickled peppers. Similarly, in Woodchuck, the speaker asks how much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood, which would make sense if only woodchucks didnt chuck wood with their teeth. For this reason, when introducing an ESL student to English tongue twisters, its doubly important to go over what the limericks mean in the context of the piece as well as in the context of the words on their own, paying special attention to common idioms that dont make sense when directly translated to a foreign language. Practice Makes Perfect A very large part of understanding how to speak a foreign language properly comes in understanding how the muscles of the mouth are meant to move to elicit certain  sounds and pronunciations—thats why tongue twisters are so handy in teaching ESL students to speak English correctly and quickly. Because tongue twisters consists of so many slight variations on the same sound, all of which are used colloquially in American English, the ESL learner is able to get a clear grasp of how pen sounds different from pin or pan, despite sharing a majority of the same letters and consonant  sounds. In the poem Sally Sells Sea Shells by the Sea Shore, for instance, the speaker is able to go through every variation of the s sound in English, learning the difference between sh and s as well as z and tch. Similarly, ​Betty Botter and A Flea and a Fly walk the speaker through all the b and f sounds.

Essay on The Nature and Role of the Ocean in the Medieval...

The ocean in medieval times was a thing of great mystery to the ordinary medieval peasant. However to the explorers, the church and the educated the sea was a dangerous place. The ocean began to fascinate people in the time of the early Greeks. The Titans ruled the earth in the beginning, and Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaea was one of them. In him [Oceanus] Homer salutes the essence of all things, even the Gods, and regards him as a divinity whose power was inferior to none but Zeus He was the father of all the rivers and lakes of the world. But then the Olympians rebelled against the Titans, Zeus drove Cronus into the western ocean. When Zeus had taken his place as head of the gods, not even the oceans tides could defy him.†¦show more content†¦In the North there were no deserts, so the monks had to go for the only other thing that would give them the isolation they desired. The Sea. Adamn#225;n refers to a certain B#225;it#225;n who asked for St. Columbas blessing before setting out in search of a desert place in the sea (in mari herimum) ... It is clear from Adamn#225;n that eremitical sea-voyages such as these were a familiar enough feature of the religious environment of the C7th The Monks formed monasteries on remote islands off the Irish coast, for example Skellig Michael, Co. Kerry and Inishmurray, Co. Sligo. They viewed themselves as white martyrs, leaving their families and friends to do good work for God and the church. Living in discomfort in little beehive huts sleeping on stone beds on windswept rocky crags in the ocean, they scraped together a living selling their crafts through an independent agent. The idea of penance and exile is closely tied up to the idea of white martyrdom, often there were civilians on the monastery and they were there to repent for their sins. They spent a certain length of time there, sharing the harsh living conditions of the monks. The monks wanted to test the strength of their penance. This was a voluntary form of exile and a documented source records another: And three Irishmen came to king Alfred in a boat without any oars from Ireland which they had left secretly because they wished for love of god to be in exile,Show MoreRelated C.S. Lewis on Misunderstanding Fantasy Essay4960 Words   |  20 Pagesfantasy as, â€Å"A pleasing imaginative construction entertained†¦moderately and briefly as a temporary holiday or recreation, duly subordinated to more effective and outgoing activities† (Lewis: An Experiment in Criticism 51). The keys words here are imagination and construction. Lewis considered people who imagine fantasy as castle builders; those who are unhealthy fantasizers engage in morbid castle building while healthy individuals engage in normal castle building. Lewis elaboratedRead MoreEssay about What is World History?4758 Words   |  20 Pagesand pieces. So what can historians do? They can connect the dots, the pitifully few dots, to make conjectural pictures of the past; they can assemble the surviving evidence into narratives, or stories, about the past, with liberal resort to their imaginations; but they will always do so in the light of certain premises or theories or world-views that inform their labors, even if they have no coherent awareness of these premises, theories, or world-views. It would be advisable if historians could operateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 Pagesthings. The medieval and renaissance view of the world saw a relationship between order on earth, the so-calledmicrocosm, and order on the larger scale of the universe, or  macrocosm.  Thus, when Lennox and the Old Man talk of the terrifying alteration in the natural order of the universe — tempests, earthquakes, darkness at noon, and so on — these are all reflections of the breakage of the natural order that Macbeth has brought about in his own microcosmic world. Disruption of Nature Violent disruptionsRead MoreEssay on Wonderment and Awe: the Way of the Kami4711 Words   |  19 Pagesand animistic faith that believes that every object possesses a spirit, and encourages nature worship, folk beliefs, ancient deities and rituals. It has no dogma or moral doctrine, except for four general tenets: worshipping and honouring the kami; love of nature; tradition and the family; and cleanliness (Picken 1994:9-10). For the scope of this article, I will be looking at how respect for the kami and nature inform two of Miyazaki’s films Princess Mononoke (Mononokehime 1997) and Spirited AwayRead MoreEssay Utopia4252 Words   |  18 Pagessociety of great planning and capability. A community where individuals compromised their rights for the good of the collective and focused on a communal goal. These ideals of an infinitely capable and cooperative. Utopic society have captured the imagination of the greatest minds throughout the centuries. One may find the origin of Utopian thoughts in the Republic and Law conceived by Plato and in The Nicomachean Ethics and Politics created by Aristotle. The two individuals are the founding fathersRead MoreDiscussion of William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay3412 Words   |  14 PagesShakespeare also explores the topic of kingship and loyalty. They were of great importance to King James. His father, Lord Darnley was murdered and his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, had been executed as a traitor. Hence, inquiries of the role of a monarch were always on his mind. Other possible intentions include showing the fight between good and evil, showing the relationships between humans and the supernatural, exploring the psychology of ambition and the implicationsRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pageswithin tales. The story opens and ends with the letters of an explorer named Robert Walton, who is searching for the source of magnetism in the northern polar regions. There he finds and rescues Dr. Victor Frankenstein from certain death in the icy ocean. While he is recovering, Frankenstein tells Walton the story of his life. Set within Frankenstein’s narrative and Walton’s letters is the first-person story told by the creature Frankenstein created. Frankenstein, a young man from a happy family inRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesadaptive abilities, as yet only minimally activated, which wall make of our future a place very different f r o m anything we have ever experienced before? Somebody once apparently said to the philosopher Wittgenstein, â€Å"What a bunch of no-knows we medieval Europeans must have been! back in the days before Copernicus, t o have looked up at the sky and thought that what we saw up there was the Sun going round the Earth, when, as everybody knows, the Earth goes round the Sun, and it doesn’t take too manyRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesadaptive abilities, as yet only minimally activated, which wall make of our future a place very different f r o m anything we have ever experienced before? Somebody once apparently said to the philosopher Wittgenstein, â€Å"What a bunch of no-knows we medieval Europeans must have been! back in the days before Copernicus, t o have looked up at the sky and thought that what we saw up there was the Sun going round the Earth, when, as everybody knows, the Earth goes round the Sun, and it doesn’t take too manyRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pagesguage skills and cognitive development. However, I The students loved the project and I was able to inte- have also come to realize that as students progress grate many elements of the curriculum into the unit. through the elementary grades the nature and By providing students with opportunities to express design of this play needs to be modified in order to their learning across a number of authentic, playful be developmentally appropriate. For instance, while activities, I was able to tailor

The Price Elasticity Of Demand For Airport Costs - 1574 Words

Market powers and competition Microeconomic theory states that a firm has market power when the prices charged are higher that its efficient cost of production. It is this market power of airports that brings in the need for regulation. The market power of airports has three main components – †¢ Inefficient pricing by airports creates economic losses to the society in terms of deadweight losses. There is also the question of quality of service in the absence of a regulatory environment. †¢ High barriers to entry in this sector increases market power – o Investments made in airports are quite indivisible over the short run. o Incumbent firms can perform better in this market due to the high fixed costs. This provides economies of scale (Baumol et. Al., 1982). o Airports have high sunk costs in the form of building infrastructure. o Network benefits of existing firms make it hard for new firms to enter. †¢ The price elasticity of demand for airport costs is relatively inelastic as airport charges constitute a small part of airfares. These three factors display the market powers of firms in this oligopolistic market. In general, Airports face competition from 4 main sources (Tretheway and Kincaid, 2006). This includes – †¢ Competition for serving a shared local market - This is a geographical competition between airports which are located and have the ability to serve common customers, or overlap customer base at the very least. A trend in the industry has been theShow MoreRelatedSouthwest Airlines and Microeconomics Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagessupply and demand, elasticity, and their competition in the market. Shifts in the supply and demand for Southwest Airlines within the industry have changed significantly. The demand has gone up because the supply has gone down. For example, many Airline companies have felt the sting of higher jet fuel costs. Southwest is one of the existing airline companies that have reduced the amount of flights that they book due to rising fuel costs. This creates a lower supply with a higher demand. HoweverRead MoreHuge Popularity of Low-cost Airline EasyJet1645 Words   |  7 PagesEasyJet is an airline company operating in a low-cost airline market, which has gained in popularity over the past few years. It has come to EasyJet’s attention that a number of investors are reconsidering an investment in the company. This report should be used as a tool that might help potential investors decide as to why invest in Easy Jet instead of in a competing firm. EasyJet believes in a very high market potential as the industry for low-cost carriers has been rap idly growing with EasyJet beingRead MoreApplication Of Revenue Management For Hospitality Industry1649 Words   |  7 Pagescreated to maximise revenue by knowing the level of demand and supply, elasticity, forecasting demand e.g. festive seasons, overbooking and designing a pricing strategy in order to supply the product to a right customer at right time and price. The basic concept of yield management in the hotel industry is that during periods of high demand for the hotel rooms the prices are set at the highest rate so as to maximise revenue; and the times of lower demand the rate are set so as to encourage occupancy (JeremyRead MoreAnalyzing A Selected Yield And Revenue Management1148 Words   |  5 Pagescreated to maximise revenue by knowing the level of demand and supply, elasticity, forecasting demand e.g. festive seasons, overbooking and designing a pricing strategy in order to supply the product to a right customer at right time and price. The basic concept of yield management in the hotel industry is that during periods of high demand for the hotel rooms the prices are set at the highest rate so as to maximise revenue; and the times of lower demand the rate are set so as to encourage occupancy (JeremyRead MoreAirline Industry1221 Words   |  5 Pagesof staff is cut down costs. 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According to Garrod and Willis (2007), in economics, the law of supply and demand is regard as one of the fundamental principles runningRead MoreInternational Economic Exam Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesMR c) What is cross-price elasticity? (2 marks) d) For each of the following pairs of goods state whether the cross-price elasticity is likely to be greater, smaller or equal to zero. (8 marks) i) Petrol, car ii) Tea, coffee iii) Nike trainers, generic brand trainers. tie, business suit. iv) e) In the discussion of elasticity and raising and lowering prices, economists suggest that if you have an elastic demand you should hesitate to raise your price, and that lowering price can possibly increaseRead MoreAirline Industry Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesusually passed on to the customers, or the number of staff is cut down to reduce costs. In United Kingdom when the government imposed high taxes on the aviation industry, the number of cargo operators reduced (My-Efficient-Planet, 2010). At the same place governments tend to support aviation industry by building airports, roads and hotels near airports. In addition governments tend to arrange security at the airport to ensure safe journey. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 had negativeRead MoreEconomic Impact on Aviation Industry1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmany ways. For instance, changes in price of an airline industry may also change the demand and elasticity of the services offered by the airline company. In this regard, the outlook of the airline industry can still be considered to have strong growth in spite of changing economic conditions. For airlines, the economic situation for prices, wage inequality and even monetary aspects will hold many challenges and only those airlines which continue to tackle their costs and enhance their services willRead MoreBritish Airways Pest Analysis1888 Words   |  8 Pageskeeps on changing from time to time with the changes taking place in an economy like hike in fu el prices, change in political situations, government policies etc. The economic policies of BA are enormously influenced by the economic conditions of an economy. Any development in the economic conditions such as distribution of income, rise in the standard of living and purchasing power of the public, demand and supply etc. Hugely influence the airline industry. PESTL analysis is a useful tool for understanding

Ethics And Social Responsibility At Tk - 1259 Words

Ethics and Social Responsibility at TK Introduction I have evaluated and analysed the three options that TideeKleen has in ensuring ethical and corporate social responsibility and my advice is that they pursue Option C. Option A, and B are not viable because they propagate tendencies that are not only immoral but unethical. For example, Option B exhibits certain activities that may risk the lives of the people through the environmental hazards. The Freedom Coast proposal may expose the employees and community members to neurological impairments and risk of getting cancer. Option B cannot be a consideration that TK can opt for under the circumstances. Option A provides the continued stay of the old plan that has serious contamination issues. Option C is the most essential because it also considers the gradual closure of the old plant, while it ensures that employees continue to stay in employment and only faced out through retirement Kantianism Option C follows the ideals and principles of Kantianism. The ethical establishment of this theoretical framework is that moral duty should be considered not because of the consequences, but the benefits that are derived from a situation. The deontology theory is based the idea ‘that an obligation or duty is either right or wrong irrespective of the consequences (Seven Pillars Institute)’. What makes an action right or wrong is the extent to which it conforms to the moral norms of their society. As a result, an individual hasShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness wants to exist and grow in a society, which business ethics and corporate social responsibility are sensitive and crucial objectives, the business should do what is right. Many people agree that business does not exist beyond society, it is a citizenship in the society. Therefore, business has to have many certain obligations and social re sponsibility. It generally means business have to do something good for the community, making social contribution, and using effectively resources in a way thatRead MoreCsr of Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (Dbbl)2413 Words   |  10 PagesCase study: Corporate Social Responsibility of Dutch Bangla Bank Abstract: In this article, we have tried to give a comparative picture of corporate social responsibilities (CSR) of DBBL. We also defined what corporate social responsibilities and tried to show how important it is in this 21st century. Along with these, a short description of DBBL’s activities are included to make clear the CSR of its. Throughout the article, the activities of DBBL on CSR have worked as standard and helpedRead MoreThe Normative Analysis Of An Ethical Problem1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe Normative Analysis of an Ethical Problem Md. Bazlur Rahman ID: 213841283 1. Introduction Ethics is the discipline that deals with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2006). It can also be a set of moral principles or values. Morality is a doctrine of moral conduct and moral conduct relates to principles of right and wrong in behavior. Professional ethics, therefore, is concerned with good and bad or right and wrong behavior and practices that take placeRead MoreFinancial Performance Analysis of Sonali Bank Limited11974 Words   |  48 Pagesthe largest commercial bank which was established in 1972 with the vision to stand out as a pioneer banking institution in Bangladesh and contribute significantly to the national economy. The authorized capital of the Bank is Tk. 10.00 Billion. Its capital and reserve reached Tk.400 billion as on June 31, 2009. The bank had 26,085 staff of whom January 31, 2010. They provide different kind of product and services. Sonali Bank Limited believes in sound and effective governance as a preferred priorityRead MoreLoan Portfolio Management23089 Words   |  93 Pagesliquidity provision) and thus achieving a reasonable amount of profit after meeting the costs of fund administration. 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The New Economic Policy Free Essays

How far were economic problems responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the New Economic Policy in 1928 with the first Five-Year Plan ? There seemed to be various reasons why Stalin decided to replace the New Economic Policy with the first Five-Year Plan in 1928. These included economic problems, the role of ideology, a fear of invasion and political considerations. Although economic problems certainly were an important reason for Stalin’s decision, the most significant reason must have been political, since the consolidation of his power position had always been Stalin’s prime concern. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Economic Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The occurrence of economic problems presumably played a major role in Stalin’s decision to move away from the New Economic Policy (NEP), although it must be noted that, before that time, the NEP had had its, albeit limited, success: By 1925 the NEP had returned the economy to its pre-war levels, and by 1927 both agriculture and industrial production exceeded their pre-war level. However, the NEP had run into problems such as the scissors crisis in 1924 and the grain procurement crisis of 1927-28. For Stalin and many pragmatists who had supported the NEP because it had been working, the grain procurement crisis brought matters to a head. Russia was by 1928 still an economically backward country compared to the large economies of Western Europe and especially the USA. Farming methods still were fundamentally backwards and unproductive. In industry there was a genuine necessity for the economy to develop and compete with western competitors far ahead of Russia. Economic problems were likely to be a catalyst for the bold measures of the first Five-Year Plan, since Stalin felt that without it Russia would keep lagging behind. Ideological aspects too seemed to matter in Stalin’s decision making, although his own ideological position can be seen as somewhat blurred, since he used to frequently change policies according to what suited him best in his pursuit of a leading role in the Communist Party. For example, before his policy U-turn in 1928 Stalin had defended the NEC against opposition from the left wing of the Party. By 1927-28, when the NEP began to experience problems, Stalin sensed that stressing Communist ideological believes would gain him a lot of support. Many Communists, especially those of the left wing, saw the NEP as a retreat from Marxist, anti-capitalist principles and the urban working class resented the special position of the peasants under the NEP. Growing mass unemployment in the towns and food shortages combined with the ideological distaste felt by many Communists for the NEP and the Nepmen. This led Stalin to wage a class war against the peasants and the Kulaks in particular, branding those who would resist collectivisation as ’enemies of the people’ or ’enemies of the revolution. ’ Communist ideology played their part in Stalin’s decision making since it ensured support not only from the Party but also from the workers and gave Stalin the moral grounds to prevail and secure control of the state. A fear of invasion must also have been influential in Stalin’s decision, as since back during the Civil War of 1918-21, when the western powers had clearly supported the ’Whites’, the Communists had a certain suspicion for them. Russia found itself in a far from ideal international climate during the late 1920s, which clearly suggested that the Soviet Union was surrounded by hostile nations which undermined its national security. Stalin seemed to have felt the necessity for both setting up self-sufficiency in food production and industrialise rapidly in order to built up the armed forces and prepare Russia for war against the capitalist powers, or, as he would say at a Party meeting ’Either we do it – or they crush us. Since under the NEP these goals were unlikely to be accomplished, a fear of invasion probably was an important motivator behind the shift to the first Five-Year Plan. Finally, and most importantly, political considerations led Stalin to replace the NEP. It could be seen as a continuation of the leadership struggle that had set in after the death of Lenin in 1924 and demonstrated Stalin’s victory over Bukharin, who was the leading advocate of the NEP. Stalin could show that he was able to apply his own policies and, in doing so, consolidate his position. The Plan would further gain him the support of the left wing of the Communist Party, which had been leaderless when Zinoviev, Kamenev and Trotsky were defeated and humiliated in 1927. In addition, he still advocated socialism in one country and therefore appealed to Russian nationalism. Self-sufficiency in food production and not being dependant on foreign grain imports was popular as it would make Russia appear stronger and save money which could be used to improve living conditions. Political considerations were of prime importance to Stalin since he knew that if he could deliver all these things, it would serve the basic aim of securing his leadership position for the time to come. Overall, while it was possibly a combination of all factors discussed that played a role in Stalin’s decision to abandon the NEP in favour of the first Five-Year Plan, political considerations must have been the major driving force. However urgent a resolution of the pressing economic problems was, Stalin had proven consistently throughout the leadership challenge of 1924-1928 that his basic aim was the consolidation of his power. He had repeatedly changed his policies to decimate both the left and right wing of the Party. Like so many times before, it is quite probable that his decision was yet another piece of opportunism. Had it not been for the unpopularity of the NEP among many Party members, it is questionable whether Stalin would have taken such bold steps. How to cite The New Economic Policy, Essay examples

Geographies of Cultural in Digital Technologies †Assignmenthelp

Questions: 1. How is nationalisation of nature part of New Zealands national identity? 2. Examine the social construction of national identity through culturally homogenous ethnic self? 3. Using paid patriotism as example, discuss the role of banal and spectacular nationalism in constructing national imaginaries? Answers: 1: In the year 1907, New Zealands status changed from colony to a dominion. National identity is mostly used as a phrase that has gained mobilization in public discourse however, it is not only a construct but is mainly a colonizing concept. Determining national identity is harder without having knowledge about the nation (Edensor, 2009). Many nations have the notion of placing themselves in the existence of nation and for that; they focus on appealing their culture towards other nation. Nationalisation mainly focuses on the distinctive features of the nation and New Zealand had to welcome both the history of the people and start a new world with equal participation. National identity of New Zealand is mainly the formation of the identity, which will give the people a social origin. Though it has many strands, still it is the understanding of the people of New Zealand to what they are and what relation they have with each other. Though the definition of national identity in New Zeala nd will change with due course of time still the people of New Zealand has a different personality, which the global people notice (Jazeel, 2016). The change in New Zealands national identity is due to the changing relationship with other countries. 2: The formation of nation is a dynamic process of social construction. Nation is always constructed based on constituting and negotiating the social practises (Gruffudd, 2014). Designating people in a state is far easier than providing the appropriate definition of national identity. Investigating social construction of national identity argues that the earlier the poor people were represented as a primitive contrast. With the changing constructions, the national identity focuses on drawing the nationalism and the ethnicity. The indigenous people are exploring the success due to this changing concept of national identity. The people of the nation critically focus on informing about the national identity. The image of national identity generates through many discourses and denies citizenship in many aspects as well. The struggle of freedom is a result of the political unrest and anyhow having the understanding of social construction does not always provide national identity. Collecti ve consciousness is an effective word to define the national identity and people are always searching for the same having a clear concept about social construction. The exchange relationship and the communication with other states are enough to help the people understand about the national identity and hence it results to a political resolution among the people regarding the national identity (Rose, 2016). 3: Banal nationalism always set a new idea about nationhood. Despite of the traditional aspects, the historical origin of banal nationalism has many features. It offers a proper analysis of its existence and informs the social psychology (Flint, 2016). The pervasiveness of a nation divides the world into two and on the production of nationalism; the idea of everyday nationhood will provide more relative measures to the interaction of human agency. A nation and a national here always emerge different factors and rely on the ethno cultural diversity. Defying banal nationalism unwittingly produces nation and initiates the homogenous ethnic self. There is a need to articulate a process of national reproduction within every state to capture the context of ethnic self and cultural diversity. An example of banal nationalism is an unnoticed flag on a public building. This creates a dual entity of ideas among every person who is watching this. It provides the idea that this world is full of n ations and this image says that every person needs to have a nationality. Investigating banal nationality many people argue that the earlier the poor people were represented as a banned. With the changing constructions, the banal nationalism focuses on drawing the nationalism and the people betterment. The indigenous people are exploring the success due to this changing concept of national identity. In this context, the mostly believed notion is that nations are a facet of nature and it is very similar to national identity. Second, we are all reminded of our national place with the help of the familiar national symbols and ways of interacting and writing. This occurrence makes us stop deliberately record this, so that nationalism becomes banal, and has non-impulsive presence in our lives. Banal has gained considerable force as an analytical type to highlight the diverse ways through which nations have identification. Among others, many geographers have largely organized this categor y, studying the banal role of coins as well as other things like the banknotes and stamps. Banal nationalism overlooks the human agency and mainly focuses and attempts on the mundanely artifacts of the nation (Flint Taylor, 2007). References: Edensor, T. J. (2009). National spatialities. Flint, C. (2016).Introduction to geopolitics. Routledge. Flint, C., Taylor, P. J. (2007).Political geography: World-economy, nation-state, and locality. Pearson Education. Jazeel, T. (2016). Between area and discipline: Progress, knowledge production and the geographies of Geography.Progress in Human Geography,40(5), 649-667. Gruffudd,P. (2014).Introducing human geographies.Third edition.Routledge Rose, G. (2016). Rethinking the geographies of cultural objects through digital technologies: Interface, network and friction.Progress in Human Geography,40(3), 334-351.

Property Dualism Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Explain Frank Jackson argument for property dualism? 2. Explain Daniel Dennett argument for thinking qualia don't exist? Answers: 1.Property Dualism Property dualism asserts that there is one kind of substance, but property exists in two forms, physical and mental. Property dualism is of the view that physical substances are possessed by mental properties but as physicalism claims, mental properties do not depend on physical properties[1]. Most discussed forms of property dualism defend the position for its consciousness properties. Property dualism asserts that properties can be reduced to behavioral, physical and functional properties. Such properties includes smelling, feelings and experiences. These properties are irreducible and new. Property dualism rejects physics and argues that it not what forms the fundamental characteristics of nature because consciousness exists. Therefore, property dualism rejects physics. Physical properties of consciousness have to be fixed for one to say the physical properties of the world have been finalized. Clearly, from this point of view, physics misses something fundamental. Property dualist allow the correlations between mental consciousness and the law of nature. Particularly, the dualists assert that mental properties and new and distinct to the world. Frank Jackson defends property dualism using knowledge argument. He uses the scenario of Mary (a neuroscientist) who is assumed to live in a room where everything is black and white. All she knows is black, white and some shades of grey. Her area of specialization is vision, and she even uses a black and white T.V. Jackson argues that when Mary steps out of the black and white room and sees a ripe tomato, she sees something new. She learns how the color red, looks like. Therefore, through her visual experience she learns something new. When she was in the room, we though she knew everything regarding physical facts. Therefore, as evidence suggests, not all facts are physical facts. One may not know about the qualia despite knowing all the physical properties of the brain. Consequently, because Mary learns something knew, there are truths about the physical world and people which escape the physicalist[2]. Therefore, Jackson concludes that physicalism and phenomenal properties which a re not physical properties are false. The hard and the easy problems are distinguished by Chalmers. The hard problem is in relation to the experiences of the consciousness, and the properties of consciousness which are phenomenal. It also involves explaining why certain properties of consciousness are associated with such problems. The easy problem involves and analysis of what the functions of consciousness are; such as reporting the state of our minds and how sometimes we control our behavior[3]. Physicalists say that the mental state has a role in the functionality of people. Chalmers argues that consciousness experiences, bring a particular role in functionality. If an account of somethings physical of state is given, then the function and the physical structure is explained; thus the functionality and what constitutes a thing is accounted for. These properties, according to Chalmers, are not sufficient to explain the phenomenal consciousness; because they do not account for experiences and feelings[4]. Thus, functio n and structure do not adequately account for phenomenal consciousness. Objections to Jacksons theory include the fact that different people may have different knowledge on the same thing, and discovery will not necessarily cancel out the concept of the other person. 2.Dennetts Argument for thinking qualia dont exist Dennett denies about qualia being a unique property of consciousness. However, he does not deny fully on the conscious experience. Dennett does not deny that conscious has properties and he does not want to say that qualia itself do not have the exceptional characteristics that many philosophers have attributed to it. The qualities that these scholars have attributed to qualia are; it is private, ineffable, intrinsic, as well as being directly apprehensible via consciousness. Dennett believes that most philosophers are instinctively misled in these assumptions. Qualia is also commonly defined as indescribable insofar since we tend to think of our experience as challenging expression or description of the language[5]. Since qualia are incredible, it is then described as private. Since we are unable to express our experiences entirely, there arises a problem since it is impossible to make an interpersonal comparison. Each and every one of us can access our qualia through a first person s perspective which no one else can understand qualia like we do. Qualia is thought to be much directly apprehensible via consciousness in that we seem to possess the powers to reflect on our experiences in which amplifies our qualia. These qualia are thought to be inherent insofar since they are atomic, homogeneous and straightforward. Therefore, this feature makes qualia hard to access without the direct experience. Dennett shows that it is not clear that the consciousness has the characteristic mentioned above are associated with qualia Dennett believes that various mysteries involving the consciousness are usually developed by the dogmatically that accepts the above-discussed characteristics that we hold about qualia and also the ways in which most things seem to us. Therefore, he tries to shift the whole burden of these proofs to the individuals who appeal to the private and subjective experiences as having those distinctive traits. Dennett denies the presence of qualia as it is usually seen as the primary defense and the last one again functionalism and materialism. Since Dennett is a naturalist philosopher, he explains the conscious purely regarding physical, and the talk of qualia leads to the unnecessary confusions. He shows that the four characteristics attributed to qualia are merely confusions since no such entities of consciousness have all the properties[6]. Dennett employs the Sanborn-Chase institution pump to show how little first-person comprehension we have of qualia. The Sanborn-Chase illustration in dicates that the assumption of the privileged access is a falsehood. These men analyze their experiences objectively instead of introspectively hence there are no qualia. Through the application of another institution pump, Dennett shows that the various assumptions that qualia are inherent are entirely unfounded. He argues that only the prolonged consumption of beer develops the enjoyable experience and not the chance in flavor hence qualia is not intrinsic but relational. Therefore there are no qualia. Dennett uses another illustration to show that there are intrapersonal variations in the color experience which are gradual and imperceptible for many persons. He claims that the ultimate evidential power of neurophysiology is limited in the examination of the subjective experience as qualia have some special and intrinsic nature which can be secluded from our behavioral dispositions. Dennett can make philosophical progress in showing that qualia do not pose any significant threat for the materialistic promoters of consciousness[7]. He uses phenomena that are mysterious and also beyond the physical explanation. He can show that this formation is just an illusion that is based on misunderstanding since there are no qualia that have those unique properties. However, Dennett has not fully succeeded in showing that the computational functionalism is valid. Therefore, the biological functionalists state that the conscious experience, which is the experience of qualia depends on our biological structures[8]. Bibliography Alter, Torin Andrew, and Sven Walter. 2007. Phenomenal concepts and phenomenal knowledge: new essays on consciousness and physicalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3053140. Aranyosi, Istva?n. 2013. The peripheral mind: philosophy of mind and the peripheral nervous system. Awret, Uziel. 2016. The Singularity: Could artificial intelligence really out-think us (and would we want it to)? https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=D89EB902-B821-485B-95A1-F9FD03AF00FE. Baler, David H. "Qualia explained away." In Open MIND. Open MIND. Frankfurt am Main: MIND Group, 2014. Dennett, Daniel C. "Quining qualia." In Consciousness in modern science. Oxford University Press, 2006. 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