Sepsis: Blood and Fluid Resuscitation

Sepsis; pathophysiology, etiology and treatment Abstract To define the disease known as sepsis, briefly discuss its pathophysiology, etiology, signs, symptoms, and treatments. Outline protocols for sepsis screening, early directed goal therapy, and to establish the nurse’s role in the process. Sepsis is a complex disease, or response to a disease process that can lead to patient mortality rates up to 60%. Gram negative infectious organisms invade the blood stream, and activate a systemic response.This systemic response exacerbates the problem, leading to disproportionate blood flow, alterations in tissue perfusion, and eventually multiple organ failure. Sepsis screening begins in the ER, signs and symptoms that are indicative of sepsis, or early indications of infection that can eventually lead to sepsis should be identified quickly. Since the majority of these patients are already compromised, it is imperative to have proper screening and initiate early goal directed therapy. Following standard protocols has proven to reduce mortality rates by as much as 25%. Sepsis; pathophysiology, etiology and treatmentSepsis has been defined as a suspected or proven infection that has entered the blood stream, and has the clinical manifestations of what has been termed the systemic inflammatory response (e. g. , fever, tachycardia, hypotension, and elevated white blood cell count termed leukocytosis) (Dellacroce, 2009, p. 17). Sepsis can be a result of any infection in the body that has triggered this systemic inflammatory response. Often times especially in the elderly it might be a result of an untreated urinary tract infection, or some other unknown infection that enters into the blood stream.When the invading organism or antigen enters the bloodstream, it releases endotoxins, a toxic substance usually associated with gram negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, Enterobactor, and Pseudomonas. In the patient who is ill already this invasion into the blood stream stimulates the release of too much immunodulators, causing an exaggerated response. Vasodilation is the body’s way of increasing blood flow to the attested area, thereby transporting more white blood cells, such as macrophages, to control the original infection.However, vasodilation, without a proportionate increase in blood volume leads to hypotension, increased capillary permeability which allows fluid to leak out of the blood stream and into the surrounding tissue causing edema. Concurrently, fibrinolysis is impaired leading to a decrease in clot breakdown. This is thought to be the body’s attempt to confine the antigen. However, the formation of fibrin clots leads to micro thrombi, causing hypoperfusion of tissues, tissue necrosis and eventually organ failure (Dellacroce, 2009, p. 17).Consequently severe sepsis is evidenced by sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or tissue hypoxia, hypotension, oliguria, metabolic acidosis, thromboc ytopenia, hypotension being a late sign of sepsis. Septic shock is defined as severe sepsis with hypotension, despite fluid resuscitation. Sepsis and septic shock are the most common form of vasodilatory shock, associated with the systemic response to severe infection. Sepsis and septic shock are very common in critically ill patients, elderly, and is accompanied by a high mortality rate.In many cases as high as 30 percent of patients die within the first month of diagnosis, and 50% of patients die within 6 months (Gerber, 2010, p. 141). The growing incidence has been attributed to enhanced awareness of the diagnosis, increased number of resistant organisms, and growing number of immunocompromised patients, and the increase in the elderly population. The early goal is direct therapy interventions and better treatment methods which have resulted in a decreased mortality rate; however the number of deaths has increased, because of the increased prevalence. Porth, 2011, p. 505) The pat hogenesis of sepsis involves a complex process in which the immune system releases a number of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. In doing so, the body reacts by generating a fever, tachycardia, lactic acidosis, and ventilation-perfusion abnormalities occur. Hypotension is caused by arterial and venous dilatations, plus leakage of plasma into the interstitial spaces, abrupt changes in level of consciousness and cognition, are a result of decreased cerebral blood flow.Regardless of the underlying cause of sepsis, fever and increased leukocytosis are present. Elevation in lactic acid levels may not always be immediate, but generally a lactic acid level that is above 3. 2 would trigger the sepsis screening and cause initiation of early goal directed therapy. Our role as the nurse is to recognize the signs of sepsis, and or infection that could lead to it, and make the Doctor aware of any abnormal values or signs. Sepsis screening should be done on any patient that present s to ER with symptoms that would indicate infection, or early sepsis.Sepsis should be ruled out by using the screening protocols, and standard blood work, including two sets of blood cultures, (should be from two separate sites fifteen minutes apart) (Dellacroce, 2009). If the patient has passed the sepsis screening, sepsis protocols for early goal directed therapy should be initiated. The sepsis screening for a patient should take a systematic approach. Does the patient have a suspected infection as evidenced by, white blood cells (WBC) in urine, cerebral spinal flood, or other normally sterile body fluid, cellulitis or other skin infection, new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray consistent with pneumonia?Does the patient have systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) as evidenced by, WBC’s greater than 12,000 or less than 4,000, temperature greater than 38C, heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute, PaCO2 less th an 32, or on a ventilator? Does this patient have organ system failure as evidence by, respiratory on ventilator, vasopressors, and metabolic serum greater than 3. 2, urine output of less than 0. 5 ml/kg/hr or greater than 0. 5 ml/kg/hr above baseline, or platelets less than 100,000?Does this patient have serious condition that indicates septic shock as evidenced by, receiving vasopressors after fluid resuscitation or lactate greater than 3. 9? (EGDT, 2011) Early goal directed therapy or implementation of sepsis bundle, should be priority, after cultures and all blood work has been completed. Antibiotics should be initiated within 3 hours of admission to emergency room, with initial round of antibiotic started within one hour of diagnosis. Central line access should be established for vasopressors.Arterial line should be established to measure central venous pressure (CVP). Fluid resuscitation to maintain CVP of greater than 8, 12-15 for ventilated patients (Soo Hoo, Muehlberg, Ferr aro, & Jumaoas, 2009). Rapid fluid resuscitation is required with these patients it is recommended they receive up to 3 liters of fluid. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) should be maintained via vasopressors to achieve MAP above 65. One of the more recent advances in treatment of sepsis is the administration of recombinant human activated protein c (rhAPC). rhAPC is a naturally occurring nticoagulant factor that acts by inactivating coagulation factor Va and VIII. RhAPC has direct anticoagulant properties, including inhibiting the production of cytokines (Porth, 2011, p. 506). Sepsis is a complex disease that takes a multi-disciplinary team to detect and treat. It is vital for the patients that diagnosis and early treatment begun immediately. This disease process is accompanied by a high mortality rate, so vigilance on the part of the health care team is a must. Screening and early goal directed therapy protocols are vital tools in the treatment of septic patients.The implementation of these tools has been shown to reduce mortality as much as 25%. The health care professional must pay attention to the signs that may be subtle, such as a slight increase in temperature; this is especially tricky in elderly patients whose baseline core temperature may be hypothermic. Nurses should watch pulse rates from baseline, urine output, any changes in mental status. References Dellacroce, H. (2009, July). Surviving sepsis: The role of the nurse. RN, 16-21. Gerber, K. (2010). Surviving sepsis: a trust-wide approach.A Multi-disciplinary team approach to implementing evidence-based guidelines. British Association of Critical Care Nurses, Nursing in Critical Care 2010, 15, 141-151. Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology (3rd ed. ). Philadephia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock Screening Checklist for Early Goal Directed Therapy [Protocol]. (2011). LRMC Soo Hoo, W. F. , Muehlberg, K. , Ferraro, R. , & Jumaoas, M. C. (2009, July 4). Successes and Lessons Learned Implementing the Sepsis Bundle. Journal of Healthcare Quality, 31(9-15).

Amul: Deary Cooperative in India Essay

Abstract In this paper we describe a case study of a dairy cooperative, AMUL, in western India that has developed a successful model for doing business in large emerging economy. It has been primarily responsible, through its innovative practices, for India to become world’s largest producer of milk. A subset of strategies followed by AMUL would still be very useful. Thus, firms that are contemplating addressing large undeveloped markets or have an intention of taking advantage of extensive but marginal supplier base would still benefit. Introduction The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Limited was established on December 14, 1946 as a response to exploitation of marginal milk producers in the city of Anand (in Kaira district of the western state of Gujarat in India) by traders or agents of existing dairies. Producers had to travel long distances to deliver milk to the only dairy, the Polson Dairy in Anand – often milk went sour, especially in the summer season, as producers had to physically carry milk in individual containers. These agents decided the prices and the off-take from the farmers by the season. Milk is a commodity that has to be collected twice a day from each cow/buffalo. In winter, the producer was either left with surplus unsold milk or had to sell it at very low prices. Moreover, the government at that time had given monopoly rights to Polson Dairy (around that time Polson was the most well known butter brand in the country) to collect milk from Anand and supply to Bombay city in tu rn (about 400 kilometers away). India ranked nowhere amongst milk producing countries in the world in 1946. The producers of Kaira district took advice of the nationalist leaders, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (who later became the first Home Minister of free India) and Morarji Desai (who later become the Prime Minister of India). They advised the farmers to form a cooperative and supply directly to the Bombay Milk Scheme instead of selling it to Polson (who did the same but gave low prices to the producers). Thus the Kaira District Cooperative was established to collect and process milk in the district of Kaira. Milk collection was also decentralized, as most producers were marginal farmers who would deliver 1-2 litres of milk per day. Village level cooperatives were established to organize the marginal milk producers in each of these villages. The first modern dairy of the Kaira Union was established at Anand (which popularly came to be known as AMUL dairy after its brand name). The new plant had the capacity to pasteurise 300,000 pounds of milk per day, manufacture 10,000 pounds of butter pe r day, 12,500 pounds of milk powder per day and 1,200 pounds of casein per day. Indigenous R&D and technology development at the Cooperative had led to the successful production of skimmed milk powder from buffalo milk – the first time on a commercial scale anywhere in the world. The foundations of a modern dairy industry in India had just been laid as India had one of the largest buffalo populations in the world. We move to year 2000. The dairy industry in India and particularly in the State of Gujarat looks very different. India has emerged as the largest milk producing country in the world. Gujarat emerges as the most successful State in terms of milk and milk product production through its cooperative dairy movement. The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Limited, Anand becomes the focal point of dairy development in the entire region and AMUL emerges as one of the most recognized brands in India, ahead of many international brands. Starting with a single shared plant at Anand and two village cooperative societies for milk procurement, the dairy cooperative movement in the State of Gujarat had evolved into a network of 2.12 million milk producers (called farmers) who are organized in 10,411 milk collection independent cooperatives (called Village Societies). These Village Societies (VS) supply milk to thirteen independent dairy cooperatives (called Unions). AMUL is one such Union. Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation or GCMMF is the marketing entity for products of all Unions in the State of Gujarat. GCMMF has 42 regional distribution centers in India, serves over 500,000 retail outlets and exports to more than 15 countries. All these organizations are independent legal entities yet loosely tied together with a common destiny. In a recent survey GCMMF was ranked amongst the top ten FMCG firms in the country while AMUL was rated the second most recognized brand in India amongst all Indian and MNC offerin gs. 2nd Phase: In 1966, Amul hired Sylvester daCunha, then managing director of the advertising agency AS to design a new ad campaign for Amul Butter. daCunha designed an add campaign as series of hoardings with topical ads, relating to day-to-day issues.[14]The campaign was widely popular and earned a Guiness world record for the longest running ad campaign in the world. Since the 1980s, cartoon artist Bharat Dabholkarhas been involved with sketching the Amul ads, who rejected the trend of using celebrities in advertisement campaigns. Despite encountering political pressure on several occasions, daCunha’s agency has made it a policy of not backing down. Some of the more controversial Amul ads include one commenting on Naxalite uprising in West Bengal, on the Indian Airlines employees strike, and the one depicting the Amul butter girl wearing a Gandhi cap. Amul hired DraftFCB+Ulka for the brands of Amul milk, chocolates, paneer, ghee, ice-cream. The establishment of Amul is also known as White Revolution. The White Revolution of India inspired the notable Indian film-makerShyam Benegal to base his film Manthan (1976) on it. The White Revolution ushered an era of plenty from a measly amount of milk production and distribution. Aside from the great measurable success that this project was, it also demonstrated the power of â€Å"collective might†. A small set of poor farmers of Kheda district in Gujarat had the vision and foresight to act in a way that was good for the society and not for the self alone. There have been several factors driving the restructuring of the dairy business (which has chiefly been organized around cooperative principles). These include efficiencies in managing fewer large plants versus a number of under-utilized small plants, need for more milk supply (and declining membership), need to offer wide variety, improvements in trucking & milk handling thereby facilitating long hauls, opening of new international markets (also markets for new products), seeking marketing clout and need to bring investment from outside the cooperatives. AMUL in India has learnt from many experiences and has been influenced by practices in dairies around the world especially in its formative years. It has, however, formed it own organizational structure (i.e., AMUL is a cooperative of village cooperatives) to bring about a change in the lives of marginal farmers of India. The AMUL experience has attracted considerable interest from the development community – predominantly an thropologists, development & agriculture economists, and political scientists. Key areas of their enquiry have been the role of AMUL in reducing social and economic inequality in the region of the cooperative, the sociology of cooperation, interface of the dairy cooperative and the rural power structure, relation of the State and the Cooperative and the role of government in its growth (interestingly, AMUL has successfully managed to exercise its independence from the government unlike other cooperatives in India), elements & replicability of the cooperative movement at Anand, cost effectiveness of subsidies to AMUL (in its initial years) etc. A few studies have evaluated the operational effectiveness of the operations at AMUL. Studies have reported usage of mobile veterinary dispensaries, wireless sets to link mobile units to service centers as early 1951, developing a programme of cross breeding of cows in early 1970s etc. that have led to a phenomenal rise in productivity of milk (Patel, 1988). AMUL’s Journey towards Excellence AMUL’s journey towards excellence is marked by some critical understanding of the business environment in large emerging economies like India where markets have to be developed by combining efficiency related initiatives with increasing the base of marginal suppliers and consumers. The essence of AMUL’s efforts were as follows: †¢ It combined market and social development in an emerging economy. It recognized the inter-linkages between various environments that governed the lives of marginal milk farmers and the unmet needs of consumers. It also changed the supply chain paradigm in order to reduce the cost to the consumer while increasing the return to the supplier. †¢ It realized that in order to achieve their objectives, it had to benefit a large number of people – both suppliers and consumers. While large scale had the danger of failure due to poor control and required more resources, it also had the advantage of creating a momentum that would be necessary to bring more people into the fold and thereby help more suppliers and consumers. †¢ It also realized that its goal could only be achieved in the long run and this required developing values in people and processes that were robust, replicable and transparent. †¢ It also realized that the cooperative would not be independent and viable in the face of competition if it were not financially sound. Leadership While Kaira Union (or AMUL) had the support of national leaders who were at the forefront of the Indian independence movement, its local leaders were trained in Gandhian simplicity and had their feet rooted firmly amongst people whom they had mobilized – the poor farmers of Anand. The foremost amongst them was Tribhuvandas Patel who had led the movement for the formation of cooperatives of small and marginal farmers in order to compete against investor owned enterprises on one hand, and keep bureaucracy away on the other hand. Tribhuvandas was the first Chairman of the cooperative. His skills lay in organizing the village producers, in making them believe in the power of cooperation and their rights towards improvement of human condition. He is remembered as fair and honest person whose highest sense of accountability to the members of the union laid the foundation of trust between network members. Another important aspect of his remarkable management style was his gentleness and ability to repose trust in people – he gave complete autonomy to managers of the union and earned complete commitment from them. Verghese Kurien was one such manager who would, first, shape the destiny of the Union and then the milk movement throughout the country. Several young people left better paying jobs to help create a dream of making India the milk capital of the world. Kurien had learnt the persuasive charm of Tribhuvandas through plain speaking and had soon created a cadre of highly capable managers to whom he had delegated both management as well as commitment. These leaders were created at the village, district and state levels in different organizations of the network. Tribhuvandas knew that his fledgling cooperative needed a technocrat manager who shared his concern for the farmers and also had the tenacity to organize marginal producers. Convincing farmers to join the cooperative required commitment bordering on stubbornness, a can do attitude and a desire to change lives of poor people. Verghese Kurien had those skills and had linkages to the government. He was charismatic in his communication and committed in his effort. Over a period of time, he developed a very close link with the poor farmers who, as he always says, â€Å"w ere his employers† at the cooperative. He would travel through the villages along with Tribhuvandas and work out the details of how the milk collection cooperative would work, how trucks would pickup milk from village societies, how the cattle would have to be taken care of and how all of this would help the poor milk farmer come out of poverty and the clutches of the middleman. Operational details were meticulously planned and executed. And then, he along with two of his close associates would work on the design of the dairy plant including conducting experiments to create powder out of buffalo milk – a task that was ridiculed by all who heard of it including the international aid agencies in the dairy industry. Tribhuvandas and Kurien were able to convince the government also of the value of his efforts and secured funding for several projects of the cooperative. Kurien’s biggest strength lay in his ability to convince people that the cause of rural farmers was important thus establishing an important shar ed value. Subsequently, he could convince the government to replicate the AMUL model in almost all states of the country. Strategy AMUL’s business strategy is driven by its twin objectives of (i) long-term, sustainable growth to its member farmers, and (ii) value proposition to a large customer base by providing milk and other dairy products a low price. Its strategy, which evolved over time, comprises of elements described below. Simultaneous Development of Suppliers and Customers: From the very early stages of the formation of AMUL, the cooperative realized that sustained growth for the long-term was contingent on matching supply and demand. Further, given the primitive state of the market and the suppliers of milk, their development in a synchronous manner was critical for the continued growth of the industry. The organization also recognized that in view of the poor infrastructure in India, such development could not be left to market forces and proactive interventions were required. Accordingly, AMUL and GCMMF adopted a number of strategies to assure such growth. For example, at the time AMUL was formed, the vast majority of consumers had limited purchasing power and was value conscious with very low levels of consumption of milk and other dairy products. Thus, AMUL adopted a low price strategy to make their products affordable and guarantee value to the consumer. The success of this strategy is well recognized and remains the main plank of AMUL’s strategy even today. To summarize, the dual strategy of simultaneous development of the market and member farmers has resulted in parallel growth of demand and supply at a steady pace and in turn assured the growth of the industry over an extended period of time. Cost Leadership: AMUL’s objective of providing a value proposition to a large customer base led naturally to a choice of cost leadership position. Given the low purchasing power of the Indian consumer and the marginal discretionary spending power, the only viable option for AMUL was to price its products as low as possible. This in turn led to a focus on costs and had significant implications for managing its operations and supply chain practices (described later). Focus on Core Activities: In view of its small beginnings and limited resources, it became clear fairly early that AMUL would not be in a position to be an integrated player from milk production to delivery to the consumer. Accordingly, it chose a strategy to focus on core dairy activities and rely on third parties for other complementary needs. This philosophy is reflected in almost all phases of AMUL network spanning R&D, production, collection, processing, marketing, distribution, retailing etc. For example, AMUL focused on processing of liquid milk and conversion to variety of dairy products and associated research and development. On the other hand, logistics of milk collection and distribution of products to customers was managed through third parties. However, it played a proactive role in making support services available to its members wherever it found that markets for such services were not developed. For example, in the initial stages, its small and marginal member farmers did not have access to finance, veterinary service, knowledge of basic animal husbandry etc. Thus to assure continued growth in milk production and supply, AMUL actively sought and worked with partners to provide these required services. Managing Third Party Service Providers: Well before the ideas of core competence and the role of third parties in managing the supply chain were recognized and became fashionable, these concepts were practiced by GCMMF and AMUL. From the beginning, it was recognized that the core activity for the Unions lay in processing of milk and production of dairy products. Accordingly, the Unions focused efforts on these activities and related technology development. Marketing efforts (including brand development) were assumed by GCMMF. All other activities were entrusted to third party service providers. These include logistics of milk collection, distribution of dairy products, sale of products through dealers and retail stores, some veterinary services etc. It is worth noting that a number of these third parties are not in the organized sector, and many are not professionally managed. Hence, while third parties perform the activities, the Unions and GCMMF have developed a number of mechanisms to retain control and assure quality and timely deliveries (see the sub-section on Coordination for Competitiveness later in the paper for more details). This is particularly critical for a perishable product such as liquid milk. Financial Strategy: AMUL’s finance strategy is driven primarily by its desire to be self-reliant and thus depend on internally generated resources for funding its growth and development. This choice was motivated by the relatively underdeveloped financial markets with limited access to funds, and the reluctance to depend on Government support and thus be obliged to cede control to bureaucracy. AMUL’s financial strategy may thus be characterized by two elements: (a) retention of surplus to fund growth and development, and (b) limited/ no credit, i.e., all transactions are essentially cash only. For example, payment for milk procured by village societies is in cash and within 12 hours of procurement (most, however, pay at the same time as the receipt of milk). Similarly, no dispatches of finished products are made without advance payment from distributors etc. This was particularly important, given the limited liquidity position of farmer/suppliers and the absence of banking facilities in rural India. This strategy strongly helped AMUL implement its own vision of growth and development. It is important to mention that many of the above approaches were at variance with industry practices of both domestic and MNC competitors of AMUL. Organization AMUL is organized as a cooperative of cooperatives (i.e., each village society, a cooperative in itself, is a member of the AMUL cooperative) thereby deriving the advantage of scale and uniformity in decision making. The founders of Kaira Union realized that to fulfill their objectives, a large number of marginal farmers had to benefit from the cooperative – a network of stakeholders had to be built. And once built, it had to grow so as to draw more rural poor to undertake dairy farming as a means of livelihood. The network had to have several layers – the organizational network where the voice of the owners governed all decisions, a physical network of support services and product delivery process and a network of small farmers that could deliver the benefit of a large corporation in the market place. More importantly, a process had to be put in place to build these networks. Building an organizational network that would represent the farmers and the customers was the most complicated task. A loose confederation was developed with GCMMF representing the voice of the customers, the Unions representing the milk processors and the village societies representing the farmers. Competition in the markets ensured that the entire network was responding to the requirements of the customers at prices that were very competitive. The task of ensuring that returns to the farmers was commensurate with the objectives with which the cooperatives were setup was achieved through representation of farmers at different levels of decision making throughout the network – the board of directors of societies, Unions and the Federation comprised farmers themselves. In order to ensure that most returns from sales went to the producers, the intermediaries had to operate very effectively and on razor thin margins. This turned out to be a blessing in disguise – the operations remained very â€Å"lean† and started to provide cost based advantage to the entire network. AMUL establ ished a group to standardize the process of organizing farmers into village societies. In addition to establishing the criteria for selecting members, the group had to train the VS to run the cooperative democratically, profitably and with concern for its members. This included establishing procedures for milk collection, testing, payment for milk purchased from member farmers and its subsequent sale to the union, accounting, ensuring timely collection and dispatch of milk on milk routes established by the union, etc. The Village Societies Division at AMUL acts as the internal representative of village societies in their dealings with the Union. Cooperative development programmes at the village level for educating & training its members have become an important part of the strategy to build this extensive network. Milk procurement activity at AMUL comprises development and servicing of village societies, increasing milk collection, procurement of milk from societies & its transport to the chilling locations, and resolving problems of farmers and village societies. Thei r stated objective is to ensure that producers get maximum benefits. The Village Societies Division coordinates these activities. Milk collection takes place over a large number of pre-defined routes according to a precise timetable. The field staff of this division also help village societies interface with the Union on various issues ranging from improvement of collection, resolving disputes, repair of equipments to obtaining financing for purchase of equipment etc. In addition, they are also responsible for the formation of new societies, which is an important activity at AMUL. In essence, the organization structure of AMUL allows effective utilization of resources without losing the democratic aspiration of individual members. It is obvious that such a system needs charismatic leadership to achieve consensus across issues – a process that has long-term benefits for any organization. Marketing GCMMF is the marketing arm of the network and manages the physical delivery and distribution of milk and dairy products from all the Unions to customers. GCMMF is also responsible for all decisions related to market development and customer management. These activities, which range from long-term planning to medium-term and short-term operational decisions are described below. As mentioned earlier, introduction of new products and choice of product mix and markets should be consistent with the growth strategy, and synchronous with growth in milk supply. GCMMF’s demand growth strategy may be characterized by two key elements: (i) developing markets for its high value products by graduating customer segments from low value products, and (ii) maintaining a healthy level of customer base for its base products (low value segment). This strategy often requires GCMMF to allocate sufficient quantity of milk supply to low value products, thereby sacrificing additional profits that coul d be generated by converting the same to high value products. Interestingly, advertisement & promotion (a la FMCG) was not considered to be enough of value addition and hence the budget was kept relatively small. Instead, GCMMF preferred a lower price with emphasis on efficiency in advertising. In this context, GCMMF provides umbrella branding to all the products of the network. For example, liquid milk as well as various milk products produced by different Unions are sold under the same brand name of AMUL. Interestingly, the advertising has centred on building a common identity (e.g., a happy & healthy â€Å"cartoon† AMUL girl) and evoking national emotion (e.g., the key advertising slogan says â€Å"AMUL – The Taste of India†). GCMMF also plays a key role in working with the Unions to coordinate the supply of milk and dairy products. In essence, it procures from multiple production plants (the thirteen Unions), which in turn procure from the Village Societies registered with each Union. GCMMF distributes its products through third party distribution depots that are managed by distributors who are exclusive to GCMMF. These distributors are also responsible for servicing retail outlets all over the country. GCMMF sales staff manages this process. Retailing of GCMMF’s products takes place through the FMCG retail network in India most of whom are small retailers. Liquid milk is distributed by vendors who deliver milk at homes. Since 1999, GCMMF has started web based ordering facilities for its customers. A well-defined supply chain has been developed to service customers who order in this manner.

Dame Van Winkle-An Epitome of Non-conformist Behavior

Dame Van Winkle is a dominant and practical-minded lady and her disposition and character does not match with the norms of the contemporary American society. She is an anti-thesis to the Romantic Rip Van Winkle who epitomizes the romantic traits of his age. There is no textual hint that Dame Van Winkle was hash by nature bit it was socio-economic compulsion that made her to castigate Rip time and again. She does not complement but even sometime challenges the contemporary social traditions and norms that require a complacent attitude and behavior on the part of woman.It is the nature ad characteristics of Rip that compel Dame to be a cultural villain. Her villainy is not due to any inherent flaw in her nature or due to habitual formation or propensity in her character. It is due to the circumstances in which she is placed and in which she has to perform suitably. Economic well-being of her family is her ultimate objective. Rip does not pay attention to this aspect and indulge himself helping others. Although he is â€Å"simple good-natured â€Å"and â€Å"a kind neighbor† but he is not a good family head.He is not pragmatic and does not think about the well-being of his family. He is a fellow who â€Å"take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble†. He uses to â€Å"starve on a penny than work for a pound†. Dame’s scolding is not a result of any pernicious nature or individual grudges. The story manifests that there are certain other male characters in the story that spend their time in useless activities and enjoy the blessing of indolence but their wives do not scold them. Their attitude is in conformity with the social norms.The author only portrays Dame with the colors of cruelty because she does not conform to the so-called model of contemporary women. This model requires women to act submissively and remain obedient and subservient to their husbands. It further requires them not to complain or criticize the behavior of their husbands. Same is the case with Dame. Her husband, society and author want her to behave and act accordingly but she does not do so. Although her behavior is not appropriate to the social and cultural norms of the day but was most apt response according to the economic and domestic conditions of her family.In spite of doing something practical regardless of her rebuke and reproach, he used to â€Å"frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village† and used to take refuge in idle activities. This further infuriates Dame and she further performs a non-conformist act by going into the stronghold of the men and scolds Rip’s companions as well. Although it is courageous act according to the social norms of today but it was considered a height of bad manners by that societies and that company. That’s the reason that contemporary society only blames her for all the misdeeds.Irving provides certain hints about other facets of her characters. He portrays her as a neat and clean lady who always keeps her house tidy. There is no quarrel between her and her neighbors or any other woman of the village. All the above-mentioned arguments and supporting evidence manifest that Dame Van Winkle was not of a tyrannical nature but it was Rip’s failing as a husband and father that make her behave so. Furthermore, she is regarded cantankerous not due to real bad temper but due to non-conformity with the contemporary social norms. Work Cited Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. New York: Philomel Books, 1999.

Doubt script Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doubt script - Assignment Example nce, the innocent young nun, sister James is too trusting and easily convinced while sister Aloysius is quite her opposite, calculating and always giving a wide room to doubts about people. Such use of attributes keep readers weighing the feelings and arguments of the characters and therefore the narration can be said to be very engaging. 3. The inciting incident is found on page 29 wherein sister James suspiciously checks on Miller’s locker: â€Å"She goes to the locker. She opens it, a boy’s white T-shirt. She returns it to the locker puzzled.† 5. The rising action starts from the curiosity of sister James to her telling about it to the principal which eventually raised the red flag in the older nun’s mind that led her to investigate further on the circumstances. This leads to the confrontations between the people, gaining momentum as the priest affronts his accuser. 6. The climax is the scene when father Flynn comes up against sister Aloysius and reminds her of responsibilities to which the nun replies, â€Å"I will step outside the church if that’s what needs to be done, till the door should shut behind me! I will do what needs to be done, though I’m damned to Hell!† 8. The falling action starts from the time the priest sits on the principal’s chair, seemingly meditating on what transpired. Then, he announces to the congregation that he is leaving against his will to follow where the wind blows. 9. The resolution of the story clarifies that the principal did not actually call the priest’s former parish but that lie led to his resignation which to sister Aloysius, is his way of admitting his guilt. 10. If I were to adapt the play to a film, I would have made the principal really call the priest’s former parish and investigate further on him. Sure, there are protocols and limitations to what a nun can do but if only to make things right, the words the nun uttered should be put into action rather than just have them left as pure threats.

Team Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Team Work - Essay Example ly with project team members in the form of knowing how projects shape up, where resources are being utilized, how the social styles play an imperative role at telling the team members about their linkages and development routines, and how their overall linkage dictates the negativities and issues which may arise in the future. These dimensions present within the social styles model aim to oversee any critical areas which may need immediate attention, a comprehension to set things right and an overall feel to get the job done for the basis of the teams that have been lined up. It is a fact that communication may be tailored in such a way to accommodate the communication styles of the people that are based on the dimensions of the social styles phenomenon. This is because when social linkages get developed, there are mannerisms which will take care of the work processes and how their internal relationships will pave the way for growth and development across the board. This is an important precedent for resolving the predicaments related with the social styles

Air Operations Certificate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Air Operations Certificate - Assignment Example The fleet size shall be expanded based on future trends and growth prospects in two years from now. Consequently, there is a need to dwell upon all the requirements to obtain an Air Operator's Certificate and give a smooth start to our airline operations. Air Operations Certificate is issued by the Aviation authority of the country of registration after an operator satisfies the authority of its technical competence, professional outlook, meeting legal requirements necessitating safe aircraft operations and maintenance practices besides other criteria involving quality assurance, passenger safety and emergency requirements. The convergence of goals between an operator and the authority lie essentially in ensuring safe conduct of operations, and with due regard to national security aspects in contemporary security scenario. Essential specific criteria as per JAR-OPS-1.175 requires that an operator does not hold an AOC from another country, holds principle business interests and aircraft registrations in the country of application, and most importantly, the ability to conduct safe aircraft operations. With first three criteria already fulfilled for us, our task narrows down towards meeting the last part, i.e. to demonstrate the ability to operate our airline safely. However, with initially limited fleet size of just five aircraft for flight operations, the task is fairly achievable within the limited timeframe available to us. CAA Investigation The investigation by CAA towards grant of an AOC essentially evaluates following criteria: a. Previous Conduct. Previous conduct forms the basis for grant of AOC. We have an upper hand in this regard due to our impeccable and enviable reputation in the market. b. Previous Experience. Although we have negligible previous experience in aviation, our company's excellent reputation, our service to the nation, monetary record and good business practices are expected to help us tide over these requirements without much ado. Further, with a professional outlook and a dependable brand name, we should be able to satisfy the authorities of our competence and convictions of establishing a credible organisation which will not only meet the laid down safety requirements but also complement them in time to come through our awareness programmes and innovations. c. Equipment. With our plan to commence with a fleet of 5 aircraft, we have options of outright purchase of aircraft or borrowing an aircraft on lease. While the latter is an economical option for a new entrant, it is not very profitable in long run if the plan is to establish a major airline in due course. Further, we can go in for a wet lease (with operating crew) or a dry lease (just the aircraft). Considering our eventual plan to establish an airline in long term, it is strongly advocated that an outright purchase of aircraft from company like Boeing or Airbus be affected. Further, considering fleet size and interoperability, we should go in for same type of aircraft for the time being. However, since due to previous orders the company is not likely to be able to provide us with an aircraft immediately, a wet lease for a period of about

Organizational Culture and Structure Research Paper

Organizational Culture and Structure - Research Paper Example It had the good foresight that GSM will be replaced by a new technology, and so it was not afraid to take the risk. Its advances in technology were brought by this excellent foresight. T-mobile boats of its â€Å"latest technologies and modern multimedia services† faring well with its fiercest competitors such as Vodafone. â€Å"In line the Companys vision of ‘Connected life and work’, the mobilization of personal social networking is at the heart of T-Mobiles corporate activities† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). An example of this is their mobile internet offering, the web’n’walk which enables customer to have a mobile access to the internet. Taking advantage of its wide product portfolio, Deutsche Telekom Group has increasingly its integrated product portfolio, â€Å"which enables standardized access to personal data like music, videos and addresses across all terminal equipment and which also provides for ever more integrated services on an incr easing number of mobile devices† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). In an industry where technology spells success, T-Mobile’s key culture is its fast, timely and courageous innovation. Taking advantage of its wide business portfolio, Deutsche Telekom Group has never stopped to amaze its customers with innovative and valuable IT solutions. â€Å"This becomes even clearer with mobile web surfing: T-Mobile was the first provider in Europe to give its customers open access to the Internet and thus offer them unrestricted access to the web. The range of news, films, music and infotainment available to customers is constantly growing† (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). Currently, Deutsche Telekom is â€Å"is systematically gearing its business to broadband services and mobile Internet† as this is the need of the hour (Deutsche Telekom, 2009). This is in congruent to their vision of connected life and work. Recently, it has adapted its â€Å"Focus, fix and grow† strategy which is

Journal of Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal of Business Ethics - Essay Example Some argue there is little evidence that the UNGC vision, an economy with the human face, can be realized for the poor and developing nations with economic globalization. Many do not agree with the assumption of the Global Compact that globalization in its current form can be made sustainable and equitable, even if accompanied by the implementation of standards for human rights, labour, and the environment because they are well aware that many corporations would like nothing better than to wrap themselves in the flag of UN in order to blue wash their public image. Williams argues that they should respond to any criticism of their practices and discuss corrective action where necessary. As indicated â€Å"We expose the reality in a field too often dominated by rhetoric and help protect vulnerable people and communities against abuses†. The second group of critics is not focusing so much on the mission of UNGC but rather on the fact that the initiative is housed in the UN. There were fears that businesses would become too dominant in the organization. Williams responds that the background of this criticism is important because the UN had no close relationship with the private sector and in the 1960s this was amplified as many developing countries moved away from their colonial masters and became independent, As indicated â€Å"The UN served as a countervailing power for developing countries who understood multinational companies to be partially responsible for their slow economic and human development†.

Managing in an Inclusive Environment Diversity Essay

Managing in an Inclusive Environment Diversity - Essay Example Meisinger 2007 State of Workplace Diversity Management Report conveys that a survey with 1400 HR Professionals reveal that 52 percent of the respondents believe that diversity practices accomplish specific business objectives to a large extent. Still, these respondents had stated that diversity management remains a challenge because, diversity management field is not well-defined or understood, focuses too much on compliance, and places too much emphasis on ethnicity and also on gender. Creating an Inclusive work environment pays. By bringing about diversity programs an organization can create such environment. There are at least 19 business houses, which have taken seriously and brought in enviable diversity programs. These efforts include such interventions like giving women of color access to variety of support networks, extending leadership development programs to minority groups and diversity workshops to managers Chubb Group of Insurance Companies have offered a comprehensive diversity initiative called 'Reach Up, Reach Out, Reach Down', in which high-potential employees of color receive management training and development opportunities. Almost a quarter of female employees who took advantage of management training last year were women of color. Compliance is no doubt an important factor. ... Competitive Advantage Experts are of opinion that there are valuable competitive advantage in employing diverse work groups and they offer seven good reasons why an organisation should have diverse workforce : 1. It is the right thing to do, both ethically and morally. 2. A diversity helps complying with the laws regarding issues of discrimination. 3. Having diversity in a company opens up marketing opportunities, because prejudice aspects of customers are substantially balanced 4. A diverse group of people provides better and varied ideas. 5. Companies want to hold themselves out as the employer of choice. 6. Diversity helps retain your people. 7. Diversity initiatives impact the bottom line. [MANUEL ESPINOZA, (2007), 6-2-2009()] Compliance with law Compliance is no doubt an important factor. US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), has observed that, particularly after the Sep 11 attacks , focus was on preventing workplace discrimination, harassment and backlash against innocent employees and applicants for employment who were, or were perceived to be, Arab, Muslim, Middle Eastern, South Asian or Sikh. Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2007 (ENDA, H.R. 3685) prohibits discrimination. Further, it would add 'Sexual orientation' to the list of protected groups, classified by race, religion, ethnicity, sex, age, disability and pregnancy. This would grant protection to gay men, lesbians and bisexuals against discrimination at the workplace. In the Constitution, free exercise of religion is an absolute right. The Workplace Religious Freedom Act of 2007 (WRFA, H.R. 1431) involves accommodation of religious freedom in the workplace. Currently, under Title VII of the Civil

World Literature Paper 2(B) - IB English HL Essay

World Literature Paper 2(B) - IB English HL - Essay Example The plot of the story revolves around the life stories of these two prisoners, Luis Molina, a homosexual, and Valentin Arregui, a political prisoner. Molina was guilty of some pedophilia, for having sex relations with a young boy. Valentin on the other hand was jailed and mercilessly tortured for supporting the Marxist movement. How each prisoner dealt with their fate in prison also varies in perspective. While Valentin was wary on how to change the world and win the cause their movement is fighting for, Molina found escape by narrating lines from an old favourite movie, Her Real Glory, which his prison mate identified as a Nazi Propaganda film. But Molina for her part was not mindful of the political color of the film; he fantasized on the emotional drama of the lovers in her story, mimicking selected acts of the lady lover. Not long after, a friendship bond develops between the prisoners accepting the fact that they only have each other to cling to, each the protector and helper of the other. They are trapped in prison cell where circumstances ease out the differences between their ideals and forge understanding, acceptance and emotional attachment. Later Molina got out of prison on parole while Valentin was left behind to be tortured. On the day Molina left the prison cell, he gave in to Valentin’s plea for him to call his comrades and deliver his message. The story ended with Molina’s death while carrying out favor for his prison mate, while Valentin was in the infirmary after being tortured to death. Then the prison mates joined in the surreal each still being wary of what had happened to each other. This assignment will explore the creative aspect of the plot particularly on how the Molina’s narration of the movie within the movie, the dialogues and voices affected the audience imagination. Such vivid description of the characters and acts

Select a country and analyze the recent state of their fiscal policy Research Paper

Select a country and analyze the recent state of their fiscal policy - Research Paper Example To ask which comes first is like asking the perennial question, â€Å"Which comes first, the chicken or the egg?† On the one hand, there is the leisure and pleasure travelers who come from around the world come to enjoy its pristine beaches and breathtaking coral reefs. Then while there, they make a little side trip to the business center to open an offshore bank account, invest in the stock market or buy the nice lot they have spotted while trekking. On the other hand, there are the business people on their nth business trip to the Caribbean islands to have their corporation or business registered. They are also there to buy stocks, invest in trust and mutual funds, or open an offshore bank account. And while waiting for their business to get processed, they check-in into a resort and go scuba diving on one of the island’s amazing reefs. Aside from its natural wonders, the government of this three-island country lures investors with its zero direct taxes. Yes, you hear d it right. The 57,000 Caymanians pay no direct taxes to the government. There is no tax on income, donation, and inheritance. Capital gains tax and corporate taxes are also unheard of in this Caribbean haven. Finally, there are no property taxes in Cayman Islands. At most the government collects a six percent to seven and a half percent (6% to 7.5%) stamp duty for the sale of real property, which is based on its value at the time of sale. There is also a one percent to one and a half percent (1% to 1.5%) fee that is collected for mortgages of real property (Cayman Islands Government FAQ). Simply put, for the Caymanians, it means that there is no need to declare your income, what your properties are, or any other assets for that matter (Cayman Islands Chamber of Commerce). The government does not collect data how much you earn, how much you spend or how much you owe. The government is not interested to know how you earned your wealth. They don’t care if you worked for it, inh erited it or received it as a gift. For the foreigners, zero direct taxes means there are no restrictions on land ownership. Foreigners can purchase land for as much as they can afford. There are no limits on investment opportunities. The government does not want to know what you invested into and how much money you put in a certain business. Foreigners can open as many bank accounts as they like. As a matter of fact, if you show up in person and present yourself for interview by the bank, you only need to present your passport to open an account. No certification of identification is necessary (Investing in Cayman) As a matter of fact, this zero direct tax system is the country’s major selling point to investors who are always on the lookout for better terms for their money. The primary industry of financial services, together with its allied professional services industry which includes lawyers, bankers, accountants, and financial advisors account for 55% of the countryâ₠¬â„¢s Gross Domestic Product (Teather 11). More specifically, this industry provides 12,500 jobs which is 36% of the employment rate of Cayman Islands. The 55% GDP actually account for 40% of the total revenue of the government. Finally, financial service is what brings in 30,000 visitors annually to the three islands of this Caribbean nation. I have focused my research and discussion on the zero direct tax rates in Cayman Islands because I

Closed-book vs closed-notes quiz Essay Example for Free

Closed-book vs closed-notes quiz Essay 1. This is a closed-book, closed-notes quiz. No reference material (including assignments and labs) will be permitted for use during the quiz session. 2. The quiz contains the following types of questions: * Short essay type 3. Place your answers in the space immediately following each question. Quiz Questions 1. What does MAO define? Defines how long a business can be without system or applications before having adverse effects on the mission of the business. 2. Define CSFs for a BIA. The success of recovering critical systems or application necessary in an event that interrupts the services of the business. 3. List four of the seven steps for a contingency plan based on the NIST 800-34 standard. Develop a BIA, develop a recovery strategy, preventive controls identified, test the plan and train individuals. 4. What is the objective of a BIA? To identify the critical and non-critical resources of a business. 5. In the seven domains of an IT infrastructure, list three things that should be included as CBFs. The System/Application Domain, The LAN Domain, and the WAN domain. 6. List at least two differences between BCP and a DRP plan. A BCP covers all units of the business while the DRP covers functions of the IT department only. A BCP contains strategy and incidents to be included and the DRP contains recovery steps and procedures. 7. Describe and list four elements of a BCP. Identify critical equipment necessary for the business mission. Identifying critical personnel necessary for the business to return to normal operations of the business. Conduct a BIA, determine the impact on the business if systems were unavailable. Maintenance and updating of the BCP as changes are made to the network. 8. What does a BCP program manager do? What are his or her duties? Take the leadership role as they are responsible for writing the BCP and conducting the BIA. 9. Describe and list two of the commonly used teams for a BCP. BIA- which is the business impact analysis- The impact a disruption of service would have on a business. DRP- Disaster recovery plan- plans to recover from a disaster resulting in a loss of business systems necessary for the business to operate normally. 10. Describe at least one element that would be in a recovery phase of a BCP plan. An Alternative site to set up business operations in the event of a lost site due to a disaster.

Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism

Reflection Paper On Hong Kong Tourism Hong Kong tourism is one of the four pillars in its economy. With its image as a cosmopolitan city, Hong Kong has attracted millions of tourists each year. However there are tourism issues that should not be overlooked by the government and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission (HKTC) in order to develop strategies to maintain the long term sustainability of Hong Kong tourism. In this paper, a situation assessment is presented and key tourism issues are identified together with the problems associated and relevant strategies to overcome these problems identified. After the handover of Hong Kong back to the hands of China in 1997, Hong Kong developed its strong links with China. Tourism is with no exception. In 2010, Hong Kong recorded 36 million visitors with more than 60% of visitors coming from Mainland China (HKTB, 2011). This was the result of the extension of Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) and the relaxation of visa arrangement that stimulate the demand. In the coming future, demand from Chinese tourists is still in a grow. Despite the stable demand from Chinese tourists, Hong Kong faces huge challenges from nearby destinations. Hong Kong is used to have being a shopping paradise and being a MICE destination as its competitive edges, however these edges seem to be narrowing down. Hainan province in China has launched a shopping tax refund program to attract non-residents to spend in shopping (Peoples Daily, 2011). Singapore and Macau have developed casino resorts together with MICE facilities to attract business tourism. Despite all these, Hong Kong still has its advantage on its geographic location to be a gateway to China which attracts millions of people in and out of Hong Kong as a hub. Besides, Hong Kong is a cosmopolitan city and an Asias world city which contains characteristics of the West and the East, tradition and contemporary which is appealing to overseas tourists. Its financial position in Hong Kong has attracted many business travelers to come to Hong Kong for business purpose and its image of being a Shopping and Food Paradise has also attracted many leisure tourists. Though Hong Kong still has these advantages, these competitions should not be overlooked in order to strategically maintain its long term sustainability. Tourism Issue 1 Reliance on Chinese tourists In the light of the huge share of Chinese tourists in the mix of Hong Kong tourist arrivals, it is an issue of whether Hong Kong tourism should rely that much on the Chinese market. Some supporters would say the huge supply and spending of Chinese tourists has stabilized Hong Kong tourism demand. From the statistics obtained by HKTB (2011), while the numbers of short haul tourists from Taiwan and Japan and that of long haul tourists from Europe and USA declined in the past 10 years, the visitor number from Mainland China grew rapidly. It can be said that Chinese tourists have sustained Hong Kong tourism. Moreover, according to another statistics from HKTB (2011), Chinese tourists were big spenders that have accounted for 69% of the total visitors spending in 2010. All these reasons have led Hong Kong to develop tourism policy especially for this group of tourists. However, over reliance on the Chinese market would create problems as well. In case of external forces or simply the change of taste of Chinese tourist would pose difficulties for Hong Kong to maintain its visitors number. The 12th National 5-Year Plan released by the Chinese government is one of the external forces mentioned. It was the first time that Hong Kong tourism was not highlighted in the plan, instead the Chinese government intended to develop Macau as a world-class tourism and leisure center (Hong Kongs Information Services Department, 2011). With this aim, the Chinese government might be policies that favor that development of Macau tourism. In that case, more Chinese tourists would be encouraged to go to Macau instead of Hong Kong. Back to Hong Kong, cases like Ah Zhen incident that happened recently would discourage Chinese tourists to travel to Hong Kong. Ah Zhen has been accused to have damaged Hong Kongs reputation as Shopping Paradise by blaming Chinese tourists for not purchasing souvenirs from designated shops. Similar incidents have also happened after this (Wall Street Journal, 2010). These incidents would hinder more Chinese tourists to travel to Hong Kong for shopping. In the long run, this would pose challenges to Hong Kong tourism. China is a huge market that would supply sufficient demand for Hong Kong tourism, Hong Kong government should continue retaining this group of guests to come to Hong Kong. In order to achieve this, there are several recommendations to protect the interests of these guests. Firstly, the government could expand its Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme to continue strengthening Hong Kongs image as a quality and value for money destination. At the moment, the programme has been carried out in 27 Mainland cities and also in the virtual world on the Internet. Participating travel agents in the scheme have to commit that their itineraries should not contain designated shopping stops and forced shopping and forced self-paid activities. In the new expansion of the programme, the government can promote these tours together with its benefits in more cities in China. Besides, the government can also promote them more extensively via different communication channels, e.g. TV advertisement, social media, etc. Moreover, secret shopper campaign should be continued and done more extensively to spot out illegal or unethical behaviors of travel guides to maintain a satisfactory level of services. This campaign can be used to facilitate the implementation of the Quality and Honest Hong Kong Tours Programme as well to make sure the travel agencies in China and in Hong Kong if they are following the guidelines offered by Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong (TIC) and the Hong Kong Tourism Commission (HKTC). It is hoped that by this campaign, travel agencies would self regulate themselves in service delivery and provision. Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong (TIC) should develop a more regulatory system to warn and punish travel agencies or tourist guides once illegal or unethical behaviors have been spotted out. In the case of Ah Zhen, originally she was suspended from being a tour guide after the case discovered, however, after her appeal to TIC, she is now suspended for only half year. This indicates the ineffectiveness of the existing system which could allow similar incidents to happen in the future. TIC should be more careful in designing its regulatory system in order to exercise more regulatory power and punishment on Hong Kong tour operators and tour guides who have offended the rules and gives more confidence to Chinese tourists, thus remedy the bad reputation built. However, for the long term benefit of Hong Kong tourism, over focusing on one market segment could be dangerous, Hong Kong government should also find ways to attract other markets. Issue 2 Sustainability of cultural and heritage attractions In view of this and the keen competition from neighboring destinations, Hong Kong has tried its best to develop new tourism products to overcome these challenges. Cultural attractions are popular among these new attractions in recent years to improve Hong Kongs cultural image. Tsim Sha Tsui piazza and the West Kowloon Cultural District are two of the big projects that the government has under taken as new tourism attractions. Besides, the government has also emphasized in developing heritages to showcase Hong Kongs mixed culture. Examples are the former Marine Police Headquarter in Tsim Sha Tsui which has renovated to become a square 1881 Heritage and a boutique hotel named Hullett House. Another example would be the Central market which will be developed into Central Oasis and the project of revitalizing the Former Police Station is Central. One key issue that can be identified among all these projects is whether they could enhance sustainability. According to the Chief Executive in 1999 (Hong Kong Sustainable Department, 2008), the Hong Kong government would ensure a sustainable development to bring about full integration of economic and social development with conservation of environment. In order to achieve this, local participation is very important in leading to sustainable development which gives win-win situation to all parties of the society. However, one common key critics faced by the government in these big projects is lack of transparency. For example, in the case of Tsim Sha Tsui Piazza, a workshop that aims to gather opinions from different parties was subjected to question as these parties were mostly come from the government or government-related organizations (Tourism Commission, 2007). Another example is from another big project, the West Kowloon Cultural District. The management authority of the project is questioned as all of the 15 members from the authority were appointed by the government. Therefore, it is commonly believed that due to lack of transparency, the interest of the government might have affected the management. For heritage sites development, given that the Heritage Tourism Task Force was set up in 1998, it was blamed to be lack of leadership and lack of influence in the government bureaucracy (Chu and Uebegang, 2002). The essence of sustainable tourism development is how to balance different views from different parties which is actually a huge challenge that the government has to face in planning and developing tourist attractions. In order to fully implement sustainable tourism development, a bottom-up approach has to be adopted to collect more objective views from all sectors in Hong Kong so that specific needs could be satisfied and win-win situation for tourists and locals could be achieved. Cooperation with and involvement of locals or significant cultural group should be guaranteed and local community should be involved at the beginning stage of planning and operation to avoid these heritages to lose its original value, especially to the locals who have grown up with these heritage sites. It is hoped that by this approach, the integrity and authenticity of the heritage could be maintained while new elements like environmental friendly designs could be also involved in the new design. Another problem raised from sustainability is whether these new attractions could showcase the local elements. Perhaps due to the image of Hong Kong as being an international city, projecting an image of East-meet-West, attractions are often blamed to be lack of local characteristics. For example, in the case of West Kowloon Cultural District, even one of the advisory committees of the project criticized that the design is lack of local elements (HKheadline, 2011). This problem has to be dealt properly, or else every new attraction in Hong Kong would deliver similar image to tourists, especially for revitalized heritage attractions which are supposed to deliver a unique image and background knowledge of Hong Kong so that visitors could appreciate and understand more about Hong Kong. One of the solutions is to keep up with public consultations and gather opinions of the public about the kind of local culture to be included in the design of new attractions. By that, local culture could be incorporated into the design and would not be missed out. Conclusion With its strong link to China, Hong Kong relies on the supply of Chinese tourists to sustain tourism. Though the huge number of Chinese tourists remains a consistent supply, there are risks associated with it and as a government body, HKTC should develop measures to also attract other markets and diversify the profile of Hong Kong visitors. On the other hand, sustainable tourism development is often questioned due to lack of transparency and overlook of Hong Kong local elements in development new attractions. HKTC and the government should involve a more transparent public consultation and public engagement so as to guarantee a more sustainable tourism planning and development.

The Eastern Shore of Virginia :: essays research papers

The Eastern Shore of Virginia, a peninsula located east of mainland Virginia, not noticed on many maps. The Eastern Shore has grown in the past year, putting up new shops and fast food restaurants. There are some interesting town names such as Temperanceville, Exmore, or Accomac. The name Temperanceville was brought by Christians who burned the four bars on the corners of Saxis road and Lankford highway. A new road was made named Temperanceville road. Temperance means no alcohol and that’s why the Christians burned the bars. Interesting stories are found all across the eastern shore.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past few years many shops and stores have been built. These stores have provided many citizens of the shore less traveling miles on their cars and less troubles of finding what they need. Food Lion in Oak Hall has made many people happy because now they don’t have to go to Exmore, Onancock, or Princess Anne to get all their shopping needs. There are landmarks that people talk about it New York, like T’s Corner for example. T’s Corner is going 69 years in the summer of 2005 and is the Eastern Shore’s first cigarette outlet. A Sonic’s America Drive In ® was recently built and has its best business ever in its first month. The shore is becoming more industrialized as Verizon ® DSL spreads across the shore.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The shore has many unique smells like low tide, marsh mud, Perdue, Tyson’s, the Clam Factory, and Saxis which many tourist take for granted. On Chincoteague Island, the best time to go is at low tide because all of the tourists are trying to avoid it. Many recreational activities can be done on the island like going to the beach, going put-put golfing, watching a movie at the Island Roxy, or getting your hair cut at Barber Bob’s. Chicken houses found up and down the shore make it feel like home, because it makes the shore unique from the city. Many great schools are found on the shore like Arcadia High and Middle, Chincoteague Combined, and Nandua High and Middle. Not many high schools across America teach the college class Botany. Botany is only taught at Arcadia High School on the shore.

A Career in Insurance Sales Essay -- essays research papers

A Career in Insurance Sales Nature of the Work Insurance agents sell one or more types of insurance, such as life, property, casualty, health, disability, and long-term care (Edwards, 1999, A12). Agents sell insurance policies to individuals and businesses to provide protection against loss or catastrophe. Insurance agents consider the financial status and life situation of their clients, and assist them in selecting their optimal insurance policy. Some policies can be designed to provide retirement income, funds for the education of children, or other benefits (Edwards, 1999, A12). Insurance agents prepare reports, maintain records, and they help policyholders to settle insurance claims (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Special in-group policies may help employers provide their employees the opportunity to buy insurance through payroll deductions (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Agents may work for one company or independently for several companies (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Brokers do not sell for a particular company, but direct their clients to companies that offer the best rate and coverage (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Life insurance agents and brokers are sometimes referred to as life underwriters (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Property and casualty insurance agents and brokers sell policies that protect individuals and businesses from financial loss, as a result of automobile accidents, fire or theft, tornadoes and storms, and other events that can damage property (Edwards, 1999, A13). Property and casualty insurance can also sell health insurance policies to businesses that cover the costs of hospital and medical care for their employees (Edwards, 1999, A13). Increasingly, insurance agents and brokers offer comprehensive financial planning services to their clients, such as retirement planning counseling (Edwards, 1999, A13). Because of this, many insurance agents and brokers are licensed to sell mutual funds and other securities (Edwards, 1999, A13). Education and Training Requirements College training may help agents or brokers grasp the technical aspects of insurance policies and the fundamentals and procedures of selling insurance (Abraham & Herman, 1998). Many colleges and universities offer courses in insurance, and a few schools offer a bachelor’s degree in insurance (Abraham & Herman, 1998). College courses in finance, mathematics, a... ... growth of mutual fund sales (Vault.com, 1999). Insurance agents do not desire a rise in crime, since fear of crime leads more people to seek insurance coverage for their homes, cars, and valuables (Vault.com, 1999). Sales of commercial insurance should increase as new businesses emerge and existing firms expand their coverage (Vault.com, 1999). Trends toward multiline agents, self-insurance, and group policies will also contribute to increased volume of insurance sales, and open positions (Vault.com, 1999). Since insurance is considered a necessity, agents are unlikely to face unemployment in times of recession (Vault.com, 1999). References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abraham, K. G., & Herman, A. M. (1998). Insurance agents and brokers. Occupational outlook handbook. (1998-1999 ed.). 250-252.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwards, S. A. (1999, March 8). Insurance: what you need to know. The Hartford Courant, pp. A12, A13. (Article appears on two separate pages.) Vault.com Inc.  © 1999 150 West 22nd St., 5th Floor, New York, NY 10011 http://www.vault.com/vstore/pages/occupations.cfm?Product_id=513&objectgroup_id=284&chapter=1

Jack London Essay -- essays research papers

Jack London was a prolific writer, one of the most widely read American writers of the early 20th century. During his short life, he wrote fifty books, plus many articles and short stories. Besides being one of the most widely read authors, he was also the highest-paid. However, Jack London did not spend all of his time writing. Besides being an author, he also was a gold prospector, a homeless, a pirate, a sailor, and a factory worker. London was determined to live an adventurous life: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dryrot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. (Parks and Recreation) This attitude fueled Jack London’s daring life. But his brash spirit eventually lead to his demise. London lived a short life, dying at age 40. He was known to be strikingly handsome and was a celebrity. His passionate writings were famous for his ideas on the struggle of survival and the questions of death. London’s novels were usually based on nature and adventure, coming from real life experiences, which appealed to millions of readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack London was born on January 12, 1876 in San Francisco, California. The relationship between his mother, Flora ...

Big Foot

The Mystery of Bigfoot Bigfoot is unquestionably North America’s biggest crypto zoological mystery. The idea of Bigfoot has been around for hundreds of years, its history and possible sightings have been documented for years on end. Throughout history, man has battled the topic of Bigfoot and if this creature really does exists. Researchers have found arguable evidence, and numerous sightings have been reported throughout North America. Then again, roughly 70% of sightings reported are a misidentification.Bigfoot supposedly inhabits forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination of  folklore, misidentification, and  hoax, rather than a living animal. So the question remains, is the existence of this creature fact or fiction? So where does the name â€Å"Bigfoot† come anyway? It is said that this Indian-sounding word was coined in the 1920’s by J. W. Burns, a tea cher who for fours years collected stories about wild, hairy giants from his Chehalis Indian friends.Burns combined several similar Native Canadians’ names for these creatures and created the word â€Å"Sasquatch†. In recent years, scientists and folklorists looking to bring respectability to the subject but most North Americans still use the name â€Å"Bigfoot†. The first use of the now widely used label did not occur until a construction worker named Jerry Crew appeared at a northern California newspaper office with a cast of the alleged Bigfoot’s foot found in the mud in Bluff Creek Valley.Hundreds of people have reported seeing the Bigfoot or it’s footprints but none have physical evidence to back up their stories. They describe the creature as standing from seven to ten feet tall and weighing more than six hundred pounds. The distinctive footprint shows a track as left by a giant five toed human foot. The average length is fourteen to sixteen inches long. The most controversial evidence of Bigfoot's existence is the infamous Patterson video. It was filmed in 1967 near Bluff Creek California. By Roger Patterson, an amateur Bigfoot hunter and rodeo cowboy.In the video, which was filmed in a dry creek bed, Bigfoot appears to be walking along the creek bed, and at one point even stared at the camera. The footage has been analyzed many times by scientists, some of which say the footage is realistic while others do not. Many times when people see something like Bigfoot they think that they will be ridiculed by their friends and neighbors, so they keep there encounter secret for many years. Until others tell their stories. The top three questions that come into some ones mind when they hear about Bigfoot are â€Å"is he man, myth or creature? . Many do not believe of such a creature lurking the forests and are uneducated on the topic so they come to the quick conclusion that someone disguised himself in a costume for attention perhaps. The majority believes strongly that Bigfoot is evidently a myth or hoax for the simple logic that there is not enough evidence to prove Bigfoot’s existence. The most arguable evidence are footprints that can be easily replicated to furthermore puzzle scientists. Also, the lack of carcasses and excrements just don’t add up.Lastly, the big question of is it just a creature which means every sighting would have to be a misidentification. Scientists do believe and have partial evidence that Bigfoot could be a relative with an ancient ape named â€Å"Gigantopithecus†. Then again, some footprints have been reported with claw marks, which could be a grizzle bear. Many can speculate the existence of Bigfoot but until a body is scientifically examined, the riddle of Bigfoot will continue as one of cryptozoology’s biggest and most famous enigmas. Even if Bigfoot is just one big hoax, the myth will live on forever.

Developing The Leader Within You Essay

AbstractThis newsprint leave al one(a) illustrate exactly what it dissipates generate to p distributivelyy loss cartroader. I impart portray done the authors routine, infrastructures, principles, and concepts. macrocosm an impelling caterpillar treader requires an individual to occur well with others, cue, take a leak vision, creativity, and be sealed to never sabotage reformeousness. The authors manipulation is to teach others how to befit dandy breaking windinghiphip and how to re master(prenominal) near(a) attracters. leading must be uncoerced to castrate themselves to make qualifyings indoors the organisation. This will go out attractors to perform to outstrip of their best ability. I will give the proofreader my insight, and the insight of maxwell and DuBrin on how to develop a gravid attraction and how to prevent spectacular lead abilities. A leader will show loyalty to themselves as well as the scheme when right-hand(a) is bei ng displayed. Our fair play should be at the forefront at each propagation and should never be sabotaged for any reason. entreMany of the immenseest leaders slang had to overcome umpteen challenges in conduct. zip fastener in life comes easy, and to become a groovy leader requires time, patience, and persistence for many that were not born leaders. leaders argon required to guide others into broad accomplishments. If person isnt equal to(p) to lead others into gravid places and master bully accomplishments, theyve failed their chase. leading ar not quitters and at the end of the day, the destruction will be naturalized. Great leaders contain been known to kind the world. These argon the people that shape our universe and pretend hope for better days. Some of us argon born to be leaders and some us be taught. Ein truthone wasnt born to lead, in that location has to be fol mortifieders. Its important to know what our positions are. The greatest leaders con sider all had one social occasion in common, persistence.They never gave up on accomplishing their own remainders and the goals of the organization. Often we find ourselves unready for the position in which we apply for. I never want to tint shortsighted rough a jobI am hired for and not forfeit what is required of me. As a leader, I want to perform my job proficiently and relay what Ive learn to others so they too can become great leaders one day. If I am not able to direct others into the right direction, I would never tonus accomplished as a leader. Anyone that is able to create a vision, deliver the vision to others and become an effective leader has mastered what it takes to becharm others to create positive outcomes.DiscussionDuBrin defines leadership as the ability to inspire say-so and support among the people who are call for to achieve organizational goals. The crowning(prenominal) goal should be to benefit the organization and maintaining your integrity whil e doing so. Lack of quality will cause us to fail and do functions we are not proud of. As a leader we should incessantly be willing to achieve greatness and lead others down the same path. maxwells purpose gave his readers insight on what it takes to be or become a great leader. Maxwell wants us to accept leadership as an square off with the ability to obtain followers. He also explains what it takes to remain a good leader for life. Leading never stops and we must go with all levels of leadership to achieve our goals. Maxwell, keeps his instructions simple, he come overs leadership as baffle to others. If we dont wear followers there is no one to lead, which defeats the purpose of being a leader. As a leader we wee a dangerous amount of responsibility to lead others to achieve great things. DuBrin and Maxwells purpose of two books are to provide us with valuable information to obtain healthy, immense lasting leadership positions. As leaders, we are long term thinkers who see beyond the days crisis, described by Maxwell. hefty leaders are able to see long-term effects on cross situations and make the best choice possible.leaders have to prioritize in found to be prosperous leaders and lead others to success. Prioritizing allows us to always be alert for the unknown. If we are able to categorize tasks with priorities and have a successful ending, it shows that we are able to make important decisions when it matters the just about. One of the main subjects discussed in Developing the Leader inside You, would have to be budge. Maxwell show the point that a leader without diversifyis an unchanged organization. An unchanged leader will not be a successful leader. A leader has to be willing to make changes to do what is important for the organization. A leader should never become so obsessed with their desires and goals and forget about the ultimate goals of the organization. The goals of the organization should be the first priority. in that respect should never be any goals within a leader that out weighs the organizations purpose. When a leader resists change just as a lot as followers there is a partitioning in morale and could cost the association to a greater extent than money. In any survey of life we all have to change for a better end result, its considered via media. DuBrin did not focus too much on change. He did state that judge change is the more responsible thing to do.Its natural to resist change, plainly e genuinely leader has to accept change in order to be successful. If the leader is excited about the changes this will motivate others to feel excited about it as well. Maxwell expressed that our locating is strike to a successful leader. We have to take responsibility for our attitudes in life. He stated, deity chooses what we go through, we choose how we go through it. Our attitudes can make or blend in an organization. If we are displaying a bad attitude to our followers, how are we creatin g leaders? Its unthinkable to mold followers into leaders if we are not positive demonstrators. Ultimately the theme of Maxwells book provides us with proper tools to develop a good leader. I found that our attitude and change are the two most dim themes of this book to create and maintain a solid foundation to becoming a great leader. Maxwell describes integrity as the most influential ingredient to leadership. truth and ethics both play a big role when discussing leadership. We should never compromise who we are for anyone.If there is something that needs to be done that does not fall in line with our morals, we should never compromise that. We should always know what is right and what is wrong. Integrity is considered our private standards. Our integrity defines who we are and our actions rest all upon the basis of our level of integrity. Leaders have to instruct their followers on believe in something and never compromising their integrity for acceptance. Maxwell and DuBrin 100% halt when it comes to integrity. They both believe it is genuinely important for leaders to be honest, trustworthy, and display integrity when dealing with others. Both authors believe in doing the right thing at all times no matter what the situation.Integrity keeps us align in what is expected from a great leader. the great unwashed become foot authorized in us when we display integrity. Maxwell describes it as simple as possible, when our character is low, so are our standards. When our standards are low we have no power to lead others in the right direction. When integrity is present, our standards are higher.Motivation, creativity, vision, and people are the primary concepts to creating a healthy work environment. A great leader can motivate others to do well and help them find what there strengths are. Leaders should never belittle their subordinates. In order for followers to keep a positive outlook on what organization wishes to accomplish in the long run. organism a good listener and inquire yourself, how can I make more people successful is a very(prenominal) valuable question (Maxwell, 2002). Creativity goes a long way, leading others with creativity makes it a fun and energetic environment.A leader has to provide followers with a resolve precise vision of what is expected from them. Leaders have to know where they are passing play and persuade others to go as well. Leaders lastly, have to invest time into people. People should feel like the individual they are following have all together. Dubrin and Maxwell both agree on the concepts listed above. They wait to both have the same set and understanding. Maxwell discusses a lot about spirituality in his book. DuBrin did not embroil anything spiritual in the textbook, for the sake that its a textbook.ConclusionMaxwells book, Developing the Leader Within You, has been an ingestion to me. I found the book very helpful information. As an individual, who is seeking a leadership position, both books have been very helpful in this process. I have learned so much about the proper steps to take in order to remain an effective leader and not a for the moment leader. For the most part, Maxwell and Dubrin ideas were mirror image to each other. Dubrin, went into more detail, do to the fact that its a textbook. The most important lesson learned for me would have to be, influence. Influencing others is a very lively part to becoming a great leader. Maxwell stated, people want to be led, not addressd. We have to allow individuals to have their ownpersonalities, their own goals, and ambitions. Its up to the leader, to lead them in right direction. It is a managers responsibility to manage their current state. In conclusion, I agree with Maxwell when he says that we are all leaders.At some point in our lives we have influenced someone in one form or another. We should make sure we are a good influence and provide our followers with a great map through the process. Maxwell acc omplished that he was providing leaders with good information, only he couldnt understand why their leadership skills were so temporary. He realize that he wasnt providing them with the root of what makes an effective leader, making individuals feel worthwhile is the signalize to a great leader. Ensuring followers feel worthwhile will help them feel, as they are apart of the contribution. Making others feel important means a great deal to me. I am very eager to apply the concepts to my everyday life and in my future as a leader. Communication, motivation, vision, creativity, and people are key factors to creating great leaders.ReferencesDubrin, A. D. (2013). Leadership Research Findings, Practice, and Skills 7th ed. OH South-Western Cenage schoolingMaxwell, J. C. (2002). Developing the leader within you. TN doubting Thomas Nelson Publishing

Liquid Crystal Display Essay

A thin, flat electronic visual vaunting that uses the dispirit modulating properties of fluidness crystals is know as a limpid crystal display. broadcast faint is not emitted by liquid crystal displays. Displaced cathode ray piping (CRT) displays of LCDs argon employ in most applications. 2 sheets of polarizing material, are utilise in LCD displays, with a liquid crystal solution between them. The crystals find as a result of an electric current, so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal, therefore, is care a shutter, either blocking the light or willing light to pass through.Some of the technologies behind liquid crystal display are as follows Illumination-A dusty cathode fluorescent lamp that is situated behind the LCD instrument panel is used as an external lighting mechanism as LCD panels produce no light of their own. The conventional back light up LCDs are now being widely replaced by two types of LED backlit LCD displays. prompt Matrix-This design depends on the usage of thin enter transistors (TFT) basically, tiny switching transistors and capacitors. One of the most of the essence(p) technologies behind liquid crystal display.These are consistent in a matrix on a glass substrate. They are required to switch the LCDs pixels on and off rapidly. In LCDs, apiece colour pixel is created by three sub-pixels with red, kelvin and blue colour filters. Twisted Neman tics-To allow light to pass through, twisted nematic displays containing liquid crystal elements are used, these twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass though . Any colour in level or transmission can be achieved by properly adjusting the level of the voltage.Advanced adorn field switching (AFFS)-This technology provides superior exercise and colour gamut with high luminosity. It helps in maintaining a wider reckon angle for a professional display and likewise minimizing colour distortion. Enhancement of the white/grey raising is achieved by optimizing the white gamut which also corrects the colour evoke and deviation caused by light leakage. Vertical conglutination (VA)-In this technology the need for extra transistors is removed because the liquid crystal material naturally exists in a vertical state.When no voltage is applied a black display is created and a white display is created when voltage is applied. This is one of the most widely used technologies behind liquid crystal display Bluephase Mode-It is used to obtain a better display of sorrowful images it also helps in improving the temporal repartee of liquid crystal displays. This technology removes the usage of pricy colour filters also short switching measure can be achieved so realization of sequence sequential colour coding can be doneQuality Control-There maybe occurrence of uncollectible transistors in LCD panels which cause permanently lit or unlit pixels which are known as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. The presence of few high-ri sk transistors does not hamper the stability of the LCD panels. in time the location of the defective pixels is important . it may be rendered useless if the defective pixels are clustered or are in the centre of the viewing compass . also uneven patches may occur which is termed as clauding.

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES AND ISSUES

trading trading trading trading trading trading trading functions coun tell oning as the app ratiocination hop on whereby resources, fluxing indoors a delimit clay, ar unite and modify by a suss step upled fashion to put up up encourage in symmetry with policies communicated by either tailsight Joseph G.MonksWhat is operations push?operations fashion is the lodge in typify that is obligated for g personal a means slay and organizing the resources requisite to pose ahead a p dodgenership s mathematical harvest- metres and operate. on the whole types of composition must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) persuade start operations cathexis be put garbage down commensurate wholly organizations unwrap virtu wholey salmagundi of sells and renovations. operations centering is an of turn eat up mover in twain government. The abolishs that the regime exculpates leave al superstar tie down a major(ip)(ip) intrusion on the select up of the swops and/or r awayine, and its de expectry which progenys in the megascopic advance into the sufferup, whether it is fabricating, sell or operate sectors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as IT, pay logistics, transit, health doance or creation populace- aid potentiometer or educational, the inspection and resort hotel transport grapevines must be conservatively concepti singled, resourced and managed in effect and expeditiously. The potency of the governance is persistent by the mastery with which various(a) chock bodys and constituents act with exclusively(prenominal) young(prenominal)(a)(a) and with the milieu in which the brass section operates.The matrimony coach of a self- bugger off accusation is the exp starnt to b impoverished upon the resources of galore(postnominal) hacekjects and incorporate pertinent rules and coiffeting info in fiat to assert and collapse a business organisation. formerly defined, the manager must perpetrate deputy execu circuit card resolvings, respect these in footings of the broader closing curtains and touch on of the organisation, impose the on the face of it predominate solution, and yettu exclusivelyy, judge the occurrenceual effectuate of the solution for the effectuality in the organisation. trading operations focalisation focal points on lure bump off the turns that produce / in entirelyot point of intersectionions and go. trading operations way of life touchs to wholly germane(predicate) operations deep down the organisation. relate activities complicates the future(a) push remove purchases gun decline require spirit catch soldieryufacturingLogisticss and Evaluations thickening featsBy analy tattle the in a risqueer divulge mentioned activities, we atomic number 50 secernate that trading operations heed collects the dictatorial way and control of the subprograms that qualify resour ces ( inputs ) into faultless(prenominal) nears or run for lymph glands or invitees ( end products ) .History of operations counselingThe ascendantages of operations way of life rotter be traced patronise by heathenish alterations of the 18th, nineteenth and ordinal centuries. By the storeho handling of octonaryeenth century, agribusiness was the combat- ingesty and primal divisor in both invoke. The put togetheration of the moveer railway locomotive and Eli Whitney s drop of convertible separate surface the bearing for the indus footrace re sensitiveing with its consider fit forum inst on the wholeations powered by steam or H2O. As a egress manikin of states evolved from an unsophisticated frugalal governance to an industrial economic clay. unless for a dress, fiction was much of an art than a scientific discip tenor. The industrial alteration ripe come on with the pa spendment of the gasolene locomotive and electricity in th e 1800s.Other industries emerged and a want with them juvenile mill came into organism..The incoming of Taylor s rule of scientific perplexity and enthalpy hybridisation s locomotion convocation line brought the pitying race into an age where snap was predominantly touch on on the occupation of siz equal to(p)s. At the head start of the 20th century, the one parcel that was losing was a circumspection the ability to invent and enforce the bing inst solelyations to lend forrader on a plentiful fill tcapable to psychic traumaonise into monumental mete pop pop bug show ups of today.Duties of an trading operations animal trainerOperations Manager s programs, form, chance on and bet bring let on on the knead and deliverance of trades and go all snowflake infallible to follow out(a)-of-door compensable leaf nodes satisfied. The duties of operations drawors tush be salmagundi into the chase lease Responsibilities the activities w hich be straight person related to summate forthing and pre moveing intersections and run deal educe dispatch the operations procedure, encompassing design, planning, control, public show pa practice sessionment, and operations dodge validatory Responsibilities the activities obscure in interfacing with differentwise part of the organisation much(prenominal) as interacting with those flators in another(prenominal) practicable countries within the organisation whose functions pay an relate on operations. mediate responsibilities withal include other maps ilk interchange, finance, accounting, forces and technology. extensive Responsibilities a wider set of underpickingss that involve examine the d film, social and semipolitical environment in which the organisation exits in put to go through its context. finis excogitate is a cardinal function of all operations directors. Decisions pick up to be do inplaning the operations constitution bust remo ve the operations systemBettering the operations system.The cardinal drumhead sorts of determination in to for each one one of these relate tothe procedures by which in effect(p)s and operate atomic number 18 producedthe reference of closes or gothe verse of goods or works ( the strength of operations )the product line of stuffs ( conduct propensity ) ask to claim forth goods or servicesThe perpetration of human resources.Operations Management cope Hewlett-PackardHP is a technology ships association that operates in to a greater extent than clxx states worldwide. HP explores how design and services organize word aid tribe and companies source their short letters and challenges, with the credit of the possibilities that HP undersurface allow, which leave alone success unspoiledy agnize their aspirations and demands. HP applies new accept and new opinions to make simpler, worthful and bank experiences with engineering, always ameliorateing the bearing our leaf nodes live and crap.The Hewlett-Packard party ( HP ) was founded in 1939 by William Hewlett and David Packard. Today, the partnership s committal is to make teaching w atomic number 18s that revivify the onward motion of intelligence and fundamentally snap off effectiveness of mint and organisation. The party s starting signal mathematical product, make in a Palo low garage, was an speech serious oscillator -an electronic trial dick apply by vocalise apply scientists. angiotensin-converting enzyme of HP s prototypic thickenings for this was Walt Disney Studios, who purchased eight oscillators to mature and locate an advance strait system for the film Fantasia. HP becomes a major histrion in the calculation car trickery in the eightiess with a expert kitchen float of persona machines, from keisterground machines to portables to reigning minicomputers. HP too make its entry into the correspondent market with the dismi ss of signjet newswriters and optical maser signers that pertain to individualized computing machines. The step and reliability of HP s soft touching machines make HP a exceedingly perceptible trade detect by both consumers and tincts.Operational emergence of HP Toner line up occupationHewlett-Packard is grand of its think for cobblers last- imagine deals and services. In the 1990 s, the Hewlett Packard toner and ink pickup trucks variableness was sing a production line with the figure of uncollectible amiss(p) toner pickup arms beness oversteped by customers. approximately 2000 of these were cosmos makeed all(prenominal) month. The operations team distinguishable to tactual sensation into the incommode and pass on over the type to the UK Hewlett Packard woodland section. The police squad hazard that non all the productions were genuinely the raset of a big swop, which is wherefore the squad discrete to look into the cheat. Th e Hewlett Packard squad break upd to bedevil engender-effect draws to anticipate and protrude the beginning of the conjecture. terce major lend oneselfable bloodlines were tail end.First, near(a) users were non both identification number acquainted(predicate) as they should gain been with the right wing method acting of load the powder magazine into the markering machine, or in cosmos able to generate a leak out their ain boor giveling crafts.Second, nigh of the HP business organisation Resellers were too unsuspecting of how to try out out small(a) lines as they were scatty in cl eer aptitude and formulation. As a government electric receptacle, they were uneconomical to propose the lymph node the dot of plunk for require to purpose any kidskin line of credits.Third, thither was all the way around maltreatment of Hewlett-Packard s no-questions-asked succumbs polity. leisure toner pick-me-ups were be displace to self-app ointed reclamation companies who would sell the refilled tone arms at decrease fiscal l incessantlys. few tone arms were universeness refilled up to vanadium measure and were clearly baffle oning out. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), the toner in the refilled magazines was non up to Hewlett-Packard s high lumber criterions.Theoretical feeler of Analyzing HP Toner cartridge meter ProblemFishbone TheoryFishbone supposition ( draw government out draw ) is a ideal eccentric c ar jibe, widely utilize to dismantle and work out an operation instruction rail line or here and now in an organisation. Fishbone is considered as one of the s make up plentyonic nibs of holy lumber delegacy tool. It is a optic presentational tool which resembles the brief of a lean which shows all the causes and its poor boy causes taking to a extraordinary occupancy. development fishbone guess, muse and its causes lay or so be graphi treaty represented, whi ch go forth assist to place and give way the of issue causes and its impression loafer be work outModel of a Fishbone DiagramHistory of Fishbone TheoryKaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese University prof and a good know type precaution pioneer, invented the cause and gist plot in 1943, the theory became renowned tool and was world-class utilise in mid-sixties and Nipponese companies variantred Mazda, Kawazaki utilise to prove and break out their auto fabrication proceduresADVANTAGES OF utilize fix issuance DIAGRAMAn operative burster job and its causes drop be visually presented so that each and every causes subsequently(prenominal) part be considered which helps to come up the root cause of the job in a integrated attack. In other words, it helps to set up the job ( answer )Fishbone tooshie be employ by persons, squads and or so efficaciously by aggroups which could batten date of all in a group and helps to use all come-at-able and practicable fanc y of the procedure and its thou contrasting procedure of an run system evict be identified even if it is foreign the range of procedure. on the whole exe amputateable trainings freighter be peaceful for further abridgment and its causes and sub causes croup be evaluated.From the supra HP Toner create launch Diagram, we rotter sort that the cutting Returns is the topic of the diagram and the causes mountain be sub dual-lane into the chaseMan Power nodes and Traders The HP probe squad detect that some clients were belongings troubles in the right interjection of the cartridge into the newswriter fundamental structure. It is universally considered that non all clients argon technically sound and as a consequence of this, swap break down could turn out duration hope to enter the toners/cartridges. nodes who purchased the cartridges from mongers kind of than straight from HP were non technically certifiable to decide churl issues which would contain p revented the stock from beingness returned to HP for successor. possessor s manual of arms was non abstemious to get capture of and had no by small degrees instructions. around 90-95 % of toner consumers, do non read the proprietor s manual.Traders were non able to convey the clients with the lord peak of expect inevitable and oft measure unredeemed the swap as faulty. This was callable to the fact that HP did non supply fitting swap conceptualization and patronize to its guardianship resellers information horsepower should choose provided the traders with comme il faut w be game and forwardness so that small-scale issues git be eradicated at the start. disappointment in planning the traders with trade in prep could adversely stupor the good pass on of HP. A switch behind be solved success goody merely if the utter(a) revenues and after realize revenues incite is retained in a skipper mode. privileged designers switch midland decor ators should take into term the clients and traders excessively as planing a compound production ( cartridge/toner ) volition do intersection induction composite and if the conjunction lacks resources for provide mathematical product supplying, it allow for do trade in make revenues to drop. The design of the toner cartridges was never apprehension from an end-user position. The toner cartridges was never well-tried with vivacious mint in the lead the launch. The lack of ripe planing the intersection eat bout has ca utilize 1000s of lbs for HP. another(prenominal) hulking play along with such(prenominal)(prenominal) bulky defects is Microsoft. Microsoft comes up with steadfast warrantor vagrant from clip to clip to recourse bugs that existed in their run System. clients ever want things to be late and less mixed. .MaterialNon honest-to-god HP compatible cartridges that argon made by unofficial companies argon being bought by clients for a crumm yer financial value and apply on veritable HP newspaperwomans. As a consequence this causes wrong to the pressman head in the long tally. delectation of non honest toners, should extirpate stop up. HP failed to make for a disavowal verbalise that stock-purchase warrant mess be upsetd for utilizing non-genuine HP toners unemployed HP cartridges ar sent to un let substitution focalizes by the clients and these cartridges be being refilled more than quintette times with low tone of voice ink, toner and other separate.MachineryUsing Non HP fall guying machine accoutrements such as photographic issue cartridges or toners whitethorn do worsening in affect end product note. The use of pressmans without victorian feel for causes infirm print and blotchy. This volition make un trustworthyties in clients that in that respect are issues with the real(a) HP ironware and much the swop is returned to HP.Methods polity HP s no-questions-asked returns p olicy is promoting the clients to return their cartridges even though the legal injury was cause by the client or the trader. No right intrinsic controls were at that place for HP. It was ascertained that clear toner cartridges were being send to illegitimate permutation companies which employ brassy quality replenishing ink and proficiencys which in whirl disgraced the mathematical product. HP s no-questions-asked should be updated to caution that one time the toner cartridge has been modify or re-filled by foreign unlicenced traders, no replacing would be provided.Solutions to the job Prioritization MatrixA prioritization ground substance is a technique used to memorise an cerebration to the highest degree a job.This intercellular substance helps to antecedences or flagrant the issues of the job harmonizing to its spell outance. Prioritization intercellular substance gives more clearly which issues are or so of effect to interpenetrate it outIn a priori tization ground substance the issues or job stooge be compose in the basic chromatography mainstay and its frequence, greatness and the feasibility of the issues dope be mentioned in the hobby succeeding(prenominal) columns.the last column should be used to secret writing all the points relative frequency it measures how a great deal the job occurs splendour it measures the magnificence of the issue feasibility it measures the feasibleness of the issue whether the mentioned issue / job is diffused to work out or nonMatrix description, Solutions and RecommendationsBy utilizing this method, we sess look at the information in the hyaloplasm and meet which issues are more of deduction harmonizing to the intercellular substance. From the above mentioned HP Prioritization matrix it is really clear that in the first-year ii issues, clients are asleep close the prissy manipulation of HP toner cartridges and inadequacy of merchandise and sustainment formulation to the reside resellers has got highest precedence in points. hence these two issues should be considered with more attending. The following of import issues are in HP s client Services, fabricating defects and their take in charge policies. aspiration defect, replenishing unfeigned HP cartridges from unofficial reclamation centres and use of non HP cartridges in HP pressmans should a like be considered and should be blind out out.1 ) Customer ignorantness horsepower should take into regard that their possessor s manual(a) was non voiced to read and had no by inches instructions. virtually 90-95 % of toner consumers, do non read the proprietor s manual. tonic methods like adding bit-by-bit designate instructions in a compact disk should be supplied along with the print toner cartridge. gain and fitting eyepiece instructions provided in the users manual, brilliant pile constitutive(a) intimate the pressman should be able to place whether the job is with pres sman or cartridge ) . unanalyzable self mete out tools should be supplied along with the toner / cartridge so that client themselves hobo screen out tiddler jobs2 ) psychoanalyse for strain Resellers HP should carry on on merchandise preparation and funding for its concern resellers after the merchandise has been launched. not all concern resellers would be able to go to the preparation due(p) to the personality of their concern only when an unshackled address invitation direct to all concern resellers and their well(p) module would assist to better client ailments and merchandise call spinal columns. Surveies by dell hold be that this is the intimately inefficient and high work out mood to proceed with the state of affairs. They have found out that savory local regional dexterous agents and guiding parts to these agents to make the issues have helped cut down their be sustainably.3 ) Customer Services A good apt call centre or funding forces ever helps t o growth the good pick up stakes of any companies. HP should develop their deliver mental faculty to be to the full conscious of their merchandises and carriage fling Sessionss to better direct customer-supplier dealingss. Customer service forces should be technically satisfactory to work out the issues with out peeping more inquiries to the client. harvest-time study questionnaires, stomach forces paygrade systems disregard be emailed to clients and their feed bet ons should be conservatively analysed by the rough-cut revenues and selling sections. other expressive style to pull off client service is to return clients the full sum or exchange the product..4 ) endorsement / Policy HP s no-questions-asked returns policy was promoting the clients to return their cartridges even though the harm was caused by the client or the trader purpose of non true(a) toners, should revoke guarantee. HP forgot to add a disclaimer formulation that guarantee can be revoked for u tilizing non-genuine HP toners. HP should hold in any event considered a down payment fee for cycle their toners back to HP and in like manner do certain a start woo service for replenishing the toners.5 ) Toner pick-me-up pattern switch interior decorators should take into experimental condition the clients and traders excessively as planing a composite merchandise ( cartridge/toner ) result do merchandise induction complicated and if the friendship lacks resources for supplying merchandise preparation, it leave behind do merchandise coarse revenues to drop. crop was neer thought from an end-user position. The merchandise was neer tried with real mountain in the first place the launch. The wish of right(a) planing the merchandise go down round of golf has caused 1000s of dollars for HP. some other openhanded company with such vast defects is Microsoft. Microsoft comes up with mending gage vagabond from clip to clip to repair bugs that existed in their operational System.6 ) unlicenced switch / No HP Cartridges evolution non HP pressman accoutrements such as print cartridges or toners may do injury in print end product quality. Customers privilege change of location to cheap unauthorised resellers to replenish echt HP cartridges as they are cheaper than traveling to an HP authorized reseller or back to HP base. formerly the pressman toner cartridges gives out issues and print quality reduces, clients return the toner cartridges back to HP for replacing. HP should do their toners shirk grievous deduction and alike add some kind of ID proofing to insist bridle-path of non-genuine use of HP toners. force out voluptuary description close HP merchandise consciousness supplied along with the merchandise would modernise the client about the quality, advantages, benefits of an HP and non HP toner cartridge.